This section provides an overview for accelerometers as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 93 accelerometer manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked accelerometer companies as of November, 2024: 1.QED/Inc., 2.Nanodyne Measurement Systems, Inc., 3.MicroStrain, a LORD Company.
Table of Contents
An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration, the rate of change of speed per unit of time.
Accelerometers can measure the acceleration of a vehicle or the vibration of a machine. They can also collect and store information on vibration and tilt.
Accelerometers are divided into four main types: piezoelectric, servo, strain gauge, and semiconductor.
Accelerometers are used in a wide range of fields, including the automotive, processing, and electronics industries. In the automotive industry, they are used for engine testing. In addition to this, they are often installed for automobile research and development and abnormality detection.
When used as vibration meters, they are installed to monitor abnormal vibrations in rotating equipment. Sudden failure of rotating equipment directly leads to increased costs, so vibration monitoring prevents equipment failure before it occurs.
Accelerometers are also used in large industrial equipment for quality control of products in transit.
Accelerometers have long been used as vibration meters for vibration measurement and testing. In recent years, accelerometers have been built into smartphones and used in pedometers and health care applications.
The principles of how accelerometers can measure vibration and acceleration vary depending on the type of accelerometer.
The piezoelectric element inside the sensor expands and contracts under the pressure caused by acceleration and releases an electric charge to detect acceleration.
Consists of a coil, magnet, and pendulum. The movement of the pendulum caused by acceleration generates electricity in the coil, and the amount of electricity generated is measured and converted to acceleration.
Strain is generated by the inertial force on the internal weight due to acceleration, and the amount of strain is detected by the gauge to measure acceleration.
A capacitor consisting of movable electrodes is incorporated inside a semiconductor. Acceleration is measured when the capacitance of the capacitor changes due to the bending of the movable electrodes caused by acceleration.
The method of mounting an accelerometer has a significant impact on the accuracy of the measurement. There are five major methods of securing acceleration sensors.
This is the most ideal method. To increase rigidity, a thin layer of grease is applied to the object to be measured and then tightened to the specified torque.
Apply the cementing agent to the object to be measured and fix it.
Used to insulate the object to be measured from the sensor.
Used as a simple fixing method when the object to be measured is magnetic.
This is used when it is not possible to fix the probe with screws, or when a quick inspection is required. Fix the cable so that no excessive force is applied to the connection part of the accelerometer.
Vibration is measured from three parameters: displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Accelerometers are used as one of the sensors for measurement. Among vibration sensors, piezoelectric accelerometers are characterized by their ability to cover a wide frequency range.
The definition of mechanical vibration is defined as "a temporal change in the magnitude of a quantity representing the motion or displacement of a mechanical system that alternately repeats a state in which it is greater than or less than a certain average or reference value."
Frequency analysis is widely used to analyze vibration. It is a method to determine what frequencies and how much intensity each of the measured waveforms contains.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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TECAT Performance Systems LLC, established in 2014 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, is a developer and manufacturer of commercial wireless sensor systems. The company's products include the WISER 4000, which has the ability to measure 3-axis acceleration, barometric pressure, and ambient temperature, and the WISER 8000 dual strain measurement and monitoring system that can measure both thrust and torque loads simultaneously. It also provides a base OEM platform with optional measurement parameters for easy client customization. Its products are used in beam oil pumping units, motorsport vehicles, and downhole drilling.
OMEGA Engineering Inc., founded in Norwalk, CT, in 1962 is a manufacturer of products used to measure temperature and humidity, flow and level, and pressure. The company's product portfolio includes thermocouple probes and assemblies, pressure gauges and switches, and air velocity measurement systems, wireless systems and portable optic sensors. The company serves markets including Automotive and Electric Vehicles, Renewable Energy and Energy Storage and Electronics and IT Infrastructure. The company also offers customer services that include support, custom research projects and customized services.
PCB Piezotronics, founded in 1967 and headquartered in North Carolina, is a manufacturer of sensors for design engineers and predictive maintenance. They design and manufacture various sensors such as microphones, vibration, pressure, force, and torque sensors. Their products are used for testing, measurement, monitoring, and control requirements in automotive, aerospace, military, and other industries in order to gather accurate data, ensure safety, enable predictive maintenance, and facilitate advancements across multiple industries. PCB Piezotronics is a subsidiary of Amphenol Corporation.
QED Aero Inc. is a manufacturer of accelerometers, pressure gauges, and other products for the aerospace industry established in 1960 and located in Santa Ana, California, USA. The company’s product lineup includes accelerometers for use in spy planes and fighter jets, and single movement direct drive pressure gauges designed for heavy shock and vibration resistance. It also offers custom machining services to produce parts designed to be pressure resistant and leak-proof. The company chiefly serves clients in the defense, aerospace, and military sectors.
MicroStrain is based in Williston, Vermont, and is an American manufacturer of inertial and wireless sensors originally established in 1987 before being acquired by HBK in 2019. The company produces various industrial and tactical-grade sensors, wireless sensor network devices, and data analysis software. Its products include battery powered wireless 3-axis accelerometers with a rugged and weather-proofed shell, cloud-based platforms for sensor data management or analysis, and software for wireless sensor network control purposes. The company's products are mainly used by clients in the aerospace, automation, and construction industries.
Reiker Inc., originally established in 1917 as Rieker Instrument Company Inc. and headquartered in Aston, Pennsylvania, United States, is a developer, manufacturer, and distributor of electronic measuring equipment and sensors. The company's portfolio includes accelerometers, inclinometers, and gradiometers, which are integral to various aerospace applications, such as aircraft fuel system attitude indicators and tilt switches. Since 2010, Reiker Inc. has ventured into new sectors, including the development of systems for gathering traffic information for transportation departments. Additionally, the company launched its 2100 series of rugged, military-grade polycarbonate inclinometers, which are designed to be customizable to any specification.
Connection Technology Center, founded in 1994 and headquartered in Williamsville, New York, United States, is a designer and manufacturer of industrial vibration monitoring and analysis hardware. The company's specialist products for industrial vibration monitoring programs include a wide range of hardware components, such as hazardous area loop power sensors, industrial accelerometers, and VibeNavigator data collection extension poles, that are used to create customized vibration monitoring systems. The company's services include calibrations and free repairs and replacements of any CTC product that fails for any reason at any time.
Knowles Electronics, LLC is an Illinois-based manufacturer and supplier of micro-acoustic, audio processing, and precision device solutions founded in 1946. The company is a subsidiary of Knowles Corporation, serving clients in various markets including communications, consumer electronics, defense, and medical technology. Knowles Electronics, LLC’s product range includes microphones used in smartphones and hearing aids, speakers such as bone conduction transducers, and processors as well as precision devices for voice recognition and oscillators. The company operates in 11 different countries including China, India, Switzerland, and the UK.
Motionics, LLC is a developer and manufacturer of software for wireless metrology that was established in Austin, Texas, USA, in 2011. The company offers devices for wireless power monitoring such as voltage probes and power clamps, and tools for wireless measurements of dimensional parameters, such as laser distance meters and bore gauges. It also offers software for diagnosing rotational machinery utilizing electrical signals or vibrations. The company’s products are mainly used by manufacturers of heavy machinery, machine tools, and precision instrumentation.
SignalQuest, a company founded in 1997, and based in New Hampshire USA, is a manufacturer, supplier and designer specialized in the production of innovative electronic sensing machines. The company offers a diverse range of products, including zero power tilt, inclinometers, shock and vibration sensors. These sensors find applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, industrial automation, and robotics. Their sensors provide critical data for monitoring and control systems, enabling accurate measurements of inclination, and acceleration. The company also offers technical support to assist customers with product selection, integration, and troubleshooting.
PVTVM Inc., an American company based in Stafford, Texas, is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in machine vibration monitoring products. The company's product portfolio includes PT2060 multi-channel rack monitors, PT500 mechanical vibration switches, and PCM370 plant condition management systems. The PT2060 is used to monitor critical machinery in industrial settings, the PT500 prevents catastrophic failures in manufacturing facilities, and the PCM370 offers short-term fault diagnosis and analysis in the power generation sector. The company offers services including technical support, product catalogs, and a warranty policy to ensure that customers receive quality products.
Pepperl+Fuchs, Inc. was founded in Mannheim, Germany in 1945 developing the forerunner of the proximity switch. Pepperl+Fuchs continues to develop proximity sensors as well as other industrial sensors including ultrasonic sensors, rotary encoders, positioning systems, display and signal processing, vibration monitoring, industrial communication, and signal processing as well as related accessories and software. Explosive protection products include safety barriers, surge protection, wireless solutions, HMI systems, power supplies, electrical explosion protection equipment, level measurement, and related software.
CEC Vibration Products LLC, established in 1987 in the United States, is a manufacturer of vibration sensors and condition monitoring equipment. The products of the company include vibration sensors, accelerometers, data acquisition systems, and software. These products are used in several applications, including machinery condition monitoring, rotating equipment monitoring, and structural health monitoring. It is certified by ISO 9001:2015. The company has been providing quality products and services to customers like the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and China.
Honeywell International Inc. was founded in 1885 and headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. Honeywell is a diversified technology and manufacturing company to global customers in many industries such as aerospace, building technologies, performance materials, manufacturing, and safety. Honeywell produces hardware and software solutions for each industry it serves. In building technologies, Honeywell designs access controls, electrical and wiring, fire life safety, and employee training services. In aerospace, Honeywell designs cockpit systems and displays, engines, cabin management and cleaning, and health and usage monitoring.
Incorporated in 1965, Analog Devices, Inc. designs, manufactures, tests, and markets integrated circuits (ICs), software, and subsystems that leverage analog, mixed-signal, and digital signal processing technologies. The company provides data converter products, power management and reference products for power conversion, driver monitoring, sequencing, and energy management applications in the automotive, communications, industrial, and high-end consumer markets. In addition, the company provides digital signal processing and system products for high-speed numeric calculations. It serves clients in the industrial, automotive, consumer, instrumentation, aerospace, and communications markets.
Silicon Designs, a company founded in 1983 and located in Bellevue, Washington, USA, is a manufacturer and supplier of. micro-electro-mechanical system inertial sensors, modules, and accelerometers. The company offers a wide range of products, including accelerometers, data acquisition systems, and accessories. These sensors find applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, energy, and industrial monitoring. They provide measurements of acceleration, inclination, and rotational motion. The company also offers technical support, warranty, and customized customer services.
Diversified Technical Systems (DTS), established in 1990 and based in Seal Beach, California, is a manufacturer of rugged miniature data acquisition systems and sensors designed for extreme environmental conditions. Its product range serves diverse industries, including automotive, aerospace, military, defense, industrial, and sports biomechanics. It offers comprehensive solutions such as automotive data acquisition systems, compact data loggers, sensors, software for data analysis, embedded data acquisition systems, and integrated solutions for various applications.
Machine Saver Inc. is a manufacturer and supplier of vibration monitoring and protection systems. Established in 2013, the company is headquartered in Houston, Texas, USA. The company develops, manufactures, and markets a wide range of vibration monitoring products including Vibration Sensors, Proximity Probes, Proximitors or Probe Drivers, Reliability and Machine Health Software as well as offering Reliability Services. Its solutions are designed to help industries prevent equipment failures and downtime. Machine Saver Inc’s main services encompass designing and implementing customized vibration monitoring solutions, catering to a wide range of industries including oil and gas, power generation, and manufacturing.
Pacific Instruments Inc., established in 1978, is a manufacturer and designer of state-of-the-art, computer-automated test and measurement systems such as integrated conditioning acquisition & control systems, high-speed data acquisition & control systems, transient recording systems, ethernet data acquisition systems, and signal conditioning systems. The systems are used for gathering, storing, and analyzing data and findings from research and development projects. The company in Concord, CA, serves industries such as aerospace & vehicle, research agencies, civil, rocket, and the military. The company is a brand name of Vishay Precision Group (VPG).
Based in Bayville, NY, SAE Manufacturing Specialties Corp. is an ISO-certified supplier and manufacturer of industrial equipment, chemicals, components, ordinance, electronics, and systems for industries ranging from aerospace to high tech to law enforcement. Examples of product offerings include raw materials, chemicals, and lubricants for industrial purposes to finished products such as security helmets for law enforcement, and military ordnances. SAE also provides research and development as well as technical support for other companies in similar industries.
ifm efector (ifm) is a subsidiary of ifm electronic, founded in Germany in 1969. ifm has developed, manufactured and marketed sensors and controls technology to industries that include assembly and robotics, automotive, material handling, metal forming, mobile equipment, plastics, and food and beverage. Ifm produces sensors, condition monitoring equipment, image processing, safety technology, industrial communication, IO-link, systems for mobile machines, displays, software, connection technology, voltage supplies, as well as other accessories.
Founded in 1980, Dytran manufactures high-quality dynamic testing solutions from its 45,000-square-foot facility in Chatsworth, California. Dytran designs and manufactures innovative sensors, accelerometers, and associated electronics for measuring dynamic force, pressure, and vibration. The company offers a wide range of product lines, with full in-house customization capabilities to provide customers with a one-stop shop for test and measurement requirements. Dytran's specializations include designing single-axis and triaxial IEPE accelerometers, ultra-high temperature charge mode sensors, pressure sensors, and digital bus-based sensors. Dylan is reputed for its sensor technologies for both product development testing and embedded solutions.
Columbia Research Laboratories, Inc. is an ISO 9001, AS9100, and MIL-STD-810-certified manufacturer of industrial sensors that was established in 1953 in Woodlyn, Pennsylvania, USA. The company’s product lineup includes piezoelectric accelerometers for measuring shock, vibration or acceleration in high-frequency, low shock environments, as well as dynamic pressure sensors for measuring pressure fluctuations in liquids or gasses. It also offers strain gage sensors for measuring stress in metal structures or components. The company chiefly serves clients in the defense, military, and aerospace industries. Some of its notable clients include NASA and the US Department of Defense.
Connection Technology Center Inc. was founded in 1995 and headquartered in New York, United States, as a manufacturer of industrial design accelerometers. CTC operates as a key producer of industrial design accelerometers. The company's vibration analysis tools are designed to operate effectively in indoor and outdoor environments, demonstrating durability and dependability. The industries served encompass cement, mining, petrochemical, food and beverage, automotive, steel, and other additional sectors. The products of the company are developed and evaluated based on the feedback received from its global customer base and distributors.
Founded in 1989, STI Vibration Monitoring is a world leader in the manufacturing and supply of vibration monitoring systems and accessories for predictive maintenance. STI specializes in low-cost alternatives to large "rack based" equipment by introducing single channel transmitters and monitors for vibration, position, and temperature, allowing standard, balance of plant equipment an affordable and reliable monitoring alternative. In addition, STI offers a complete line of accelerometers, extension cables, BNC junction boxes, test equipment, mounting hardware, and complete Machinery Monitoring Systems to support your sites maintenance program. Save time on your current walk around program by using permanent mounted accelerometers and BNC boxes for local connections to the machine’s sensors. Improvements in data reliability, acquisition time and analysis will be immediate.
Meggitt Sensing Systems - Wilcoxon Research, founded in 1960 and headquartered in Frederick, Maryland, specializes in vibration monitoring products. Its facility houses a wide range of modern manufacturing, assembly, and test equipment, ranging from precision machinery for vibration sensor components to custom-built machinery designed for accelerometer fabrication. Its solutions are integral to predictive maintenance and condition monitoring programs, encompassing accelerometers, vibration transmitters, velocity sensors, connector assemblies, and enclosures. The company is also ISO 9001:2015 certified for its design, assembly, and distribution processes.
Jewell Instruments is headquartered in Manchester, New Hampshire. The company serves industries such as aerospace, geophysical, railroad, laboratory, and data acquisition with various measuring devices and sensors. The company has five product segments: Inertial & Tilt Sensors, GEO Instruments & Sensors, Meters & Avionics, Data Acquisition Hardware, and Triplett Test Equipment Tools. Inertial & Tilt Sensors include accelerometers, inclinometers, and inertial measurement unit devices. GEO Instruments & Sensors includes economical high-precision and ultra-precision sensors. Meters & Avionics include panel meters, avionics, and solenoids.
Schenck USA Corp, incorporated in New York, United States, specializes in providing balancing and diagnosis technologies for rotating and oscillating components and armatures since 1908. The company is a subsidiary of Shenck RoTec GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Schenck's product mix range from electric motor armatures to the largest jet engines, and the smallest rotors for dental drill instruments to large power-generating turbines. Schenck Balancing Machines offer the latest balancing technologies with superior operator interface instrumentation.
Top-Electronics USA is based in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and is a distributor of electronic modules and components that was established in 2016 as a subsidiary of the Dutch company TOP-electronics. The company stocks a range of electronic products from brands such as Northern Mechatronics, LM Technologies, and 2J Antennas. These products include motion control modules, internet of things (IoT) modules, and power converters. It also offers embeddable computers and displays, as well as spare connectors and cables for products on stock. The company mainly markets to its clients in the automotive, telecom, and consumer electronics industries.
SKF UK is the British division of SKF, originally founded in 1907 and headquartered in Gothenburg, Sweden. SKF designs, develops, and manufacturers bearings, seals, lubrication systems, and services worldwide, with industrial and automotive segments, providing solutions for industries including aerospace, agriculture, transportation, food and beverage, general machinery, material handling, mining, energy, paper, and wind energy. SKF UK offers rolling bearings, mounted bearings, automotive seals, lubrication management, vehicle aftermarket services, waste electric products, and electronic equipment products as well as services including maintenance, remanufacturing, customization, and training.
Marposs S.p.A. is headquartered in Bentivoglio, Italy. The company serves industries such asa aerospace, semiconductors, machine tooling, and biomedical as a manufacturer and as a service provider. The company’s products vary by industry but include tools for gauging, profiling, and monitoring, as well as data management systems and machines for testing and automation. The company’s services include after sales service, customer training, original spare parts, retrofit and upgrade of existing machinery, and project management consulting services.
Simac Electronics, situated in Neukirchen-Vluyn, Germany, is a pan-European manufacturer and developer specializing in computer electronics and open-source hardware. The company offers a broad spectrum of products, including sensors, development boards, high-end PCs, industrial systems, and educational solutions. With a specialization on development, production, and service, it provides a comprehensive one-stop solution. Its product lineup also encompasses measuring devices, linker kit buzzers, cables, and voltage converters. Additionally, it markets special systems and electronic components under its "Joy-IT" brand.
ZETLAB Company, founded in 1992, is a Russian-based manufacturer of control and measuring systems used in metallurgy & mechanical engineering, metrological laboratories, and manufacturing enterprises including aviation, automotive, consumer, and food industries. Its portfolio includes sensors, measuring products, turnkey systems, and digital sensors. The ZETSENSOR line digital devices include digital inclinometers, strain gauges, and seismic, temperature & pressure sensors. The company supplies turnkey data measurement, measurement control, and test control systems for seismic & leak detection, and seismic impact control. The company's ANALIZ, TENZO, SEISMO, VIBRO, and ZETVIEW software enable spectral analysis, electrical parameters measurements, & generation, recording, and representation of signals.
TSM Sensors s.r.l. is a manufacturer of industrial sensor solutions established in 2015 and based in Lombardy, Italy. It specializes in manufacturing inclinometers, cable extension transducers, magnetostrictive sensors, rotary encoders, and electronic control units. The company is part of FASSI Group and has acquired ISO 9001:2015 certification for its quality management system. Its manufactured products are in compliance with IPC requirements for soldered electrical and electronic assemblies. It caters to the agricultural, construction, marine, and electronic industries across several regions, such as Italy, France, Germany, and Spain.
Sinus Messtechnik, established in 1990, and based in Leipzig, Germany, is a manufacturer and supplier of measurement systems. The product portfolio of the company includes diverse range of sound level meters, noise dosimeters, measurement and monitor systems, sensors, software, and accessories. The products are used in various applications which include environmental noise, occupational safety, automobile, aircraft, customized solutions, and multi-channel data capture systems. The company also offers support for hardware maintenance and repairs.
MAE Advanced Geophysics Instruments, founded in 1982 and headquartered in Via G. Di Vittorio, Italy, is a manufacturer of precision electronic instrumentation for geophysical investigations. The company’s extensive product portfolio includes advanced tools like the ultrasonic pulse velocity through concrete system, VHR multichannel georesistivimeter with embedded channels (ranging from 48 to 96), an instrument for ultrasonic pulse velocity and sonic tests with an instrumented hammer, and the X820S seismograph complete set with 48 channels for MASW seismic analysis. These instruments find applications in several fields, including seismology and earthquake engineering, environmental and soil testing, and non-destructive testing of concrete structures.
Shenzhen Rion Technology Co., Ltd., founded in 2008 and based in Shenzhen City, China, is a manufacturer of INS/GPS integrated navigation system, MEMS inclinometer and 3D compass. The company has a design and developing team in software and hardware. It provides tech-equipment and aerospace equipment, new energy, IOT and energy saving technology that are core parts of automation, intelligence, informationization and digitalization. These products find application in UAV, intelligent robot, oil drilling, coal mining, marine surveys and others. The company has won the AAA credit enterprise and has been awarded the quality credible brand in China's sensor industry.
AST (Advanced Sensor Technologies) is a supplier and manufacturer of innovative sensor solutions based in Germany. Established in 1994, the company specializes in the development and production of sensors and measurement systems for various industries and applications. The company offers a wide range of sensor products, including pressure sensors, level sensors, temperature sensors, and flow sensors. Their product is the AST4000 series pressure sensor, which used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, and medical.
Solgeo S.r.l., established in the 2000s and headquartered in Bergamo, Italy, is a manufacturer of monitoring systems for the prevention and assessment of seismic events and related services. The company specifically makes acquisition units, sensors, and instruments for geophysical surveys. It also provides geophysical survey services such as borehole surveys, sonic and ultrasonic tomography, vibrational measurements, and environmental vibration measurements. Its acquisition units could be installed permanently or temporarily in dams, buildings, or seismic stations. It has been certified by reputable organizations like IMQ and IQNET.
S2Tech Srl, established in 2010 and based in Milan, Italy, is a manufacturer that specializes in measuring transducers and instruments tailored for industrial and scientific applications. The company offers a comprehensive product portfolio that includes a wide range of instruments, including displacement and level sensors, amplifiers, force and deformation measurement devices, inclinometers, accelerometers, and more. These products are utilized in various industries, including textiles, solar energy, automation, automotive manufacturing, and geophysical investigations.
GeoSIG, founded in 1992 and headquartered in Schlieren, Switzerland, is a manufacturer of earthquake, seismic, structural, dynamic and static monitoring and measuring solutions. The company provides precision instruments such as seismometers, accelerometers, recorders / digitisers, switches, softwares and other accessories. Such solutions find application in nuclear power plants, factories, dams, bridges, railways and other seismic and structural health and response monitoring. NetQuakes installation with USGS and Oresund Bridge in Denmark are some of the well known projects using these solutions. The company provides detailed case studies of its product application as a resource on the website.
MC MONITORING, founded in 2001 and based in Fribourg, Switzerland, is a manufacturer of condition monitoring systems based on proprietary technologies. The product line evaluates the mechanical and electrical condition of rotating equipment, including mining, pulp and paper manufacturing, oil and gas extraction, and power generation. The company has a thorough quality management system (QMS) in place and has received ISO 9001:2015 certification. The company services also include sensor-based measurement, sophisticated acquisition systems, condition monitoring software, and specialized engineering services. MC-monitoring SA is a medium-sized Swiss high-tech company.
Makersan, established in 1978 and headquartered in Gebze, Turkey, is a manufacturer of mechatronic parts and assemblies. Its offerings include electronic accelerator pedals, hand throttle, ABS sensors, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors for various sectors like engine control, HVAC, and food processing. Its quality management system is underlined by their TS 16949, ISO 14001, ISO 9001, and OHSAS 18001 certifications, solidifying their role on the field of sensing, controlling and actuating applications.
WUNTRONIC GmbH was established in 1977 as a manufacturer and supplier of Measurement and Control devices based in Germany. The company provides Thermal and Heat Flux sensors for insulation evaluation of roofs, walls, etc. along with Data Acquisition and Generators for radar design and testing and other applications. The magnetic products are used for measuring magnetic fields and assessment of magnetic materials along with Transmitters for pressure, temperature, and humidity with Data loggers, recorders, and Transducers. The equipment is utilized by Communications, Biomedical research, Laboratories, Network Analysis, and other sectors for various applications.
MICRONOR AG, established in 1965 and headquartered in Regensdorf, Switzerland, is a manufacturer of electromechanical sensors and fiber optic sensors1. The company offers products such as fiber optic rotary and linear encoders, fiber optic microswitches, and fiber optic multi-axis acceleration sensors. These products are used for critical measurement solutions in harsh environments, including energy, railway, and radioactive applications. The company also supplies optical cabling or optical feedthroughs according to customer specifications.
NXP was established in 2006 as a spinoff from Phillips and is headquartered in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company is a co-founder of NFC communication and designs and manufactures semiconductors that serve the automotive, industrial, mobile, and smart home industries. The company’s automotive products include driver assistance transceivers, sensors, and security systems. For industrial markets, the company produces RFID readers, processors, and microcontrollers. For communication infrastructure, the company produces RF mixers, diodes, and low-noise amplifiers for wireless LAN networks. The company also produces peripherals, power management chips, communications chips, and interface devices.
Norsonic AS is based in Lierskogen, Norway, and is a manufacturer of sound as well as vibration measurement instrumentation that was established in 1974 before becoming a part of the Rion group in 2022. The company’s specialized product lineup includes acoustic cameras for sound source localization, sound level meters for assessing acoustics or sound intensity, and calibration accessories for its portfolio products. It also offers accelerometers and inclinometers for measuring the physical properties of usable spaces. Aside from its products, the company provides custom sensor design and manufacturing for unique client projects, as well as software for data analysis and cloud-enabled monitoring.
Innalabs, established in 2012 and based in Dublin, Ireland, is a manufacturer and supplier of inertial sensor technology. The product portfolio includes specific solutions for Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes and quartz servo accelerometers with high-accuracy navigation and stabilization. The products are used in various industries which include space, aerospace, land applications, marine, energy, transportation, and new technology markets. The company also offers world-class research, technial and development facilities with full product cycle solutions and inertial systems.
Sherborne Sensors is based in Basingstoke, England, and is a manufacturer of inclinometers and accelerometers that was established in 2002 before becoming part of the Nova Matrix Group in 2012. The company produces a range of inclinometers for measuring tilt, accelerometers for measuring shock or vibration, and load cells for measuring weight or force. It also offers testing, calibration, and control accessories from the brands TRACQ, DRUCK, and LABOM. The company’s products are commonly used by clients in the aerospace, defense, and mining industries.
Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power AG, founded in 1987 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, is a manufacturer of power supplies, and electronic components. It operates as a subsidiary of the Angst+Pfister Group, serving a global clientele. Its product range encompasses inertial sensors, power supplies, and current sensors, including AC/DC power supplies, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, and LED AC/DC power supplies. These components find applications in overload protection, current metering, and battery charge monitoring. Depending on requirements, the company is also capable of delivering modified standard products or customised solutions, and offers differential probes for the development, maintenance, and repair of solar plants.
Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd, commonly known as JAE, was established in 1953 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company is a designer and manufacturer of connectors, user interface solutions, and electronics for the aerospace, agriculture, semiconductor, and camera stabilization sectors. THe company’s product segments include IO connectors, board to board connects, cable to cable connectors, and more. The company’s motion sensing and control segment includes accelerometers, inertial measurement units, and directional modules.
Silicon Sensing Systems Ltd., founded in 1999 with headquarters in the UK, is a manufacturer of inertial measurement devices and components. The company's product line includes silicon MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers, IMUs, and inertial sensors. These products are used for aircraft flight controls, accurate mobile antenna and camera pointing, downhole drilling in the oil and gas industry, and industrial robotics. It also provides customized variants of its standard MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers, and IMUs that include electronic repackaging, GPS integration, and customized interfaces.
DJB Instruments UK Ltd., founded as DJ Birchall Ltd. in 1974 with headquarters in the United Kingdom, is a manufacturer of accelerometers, instrumentation, and accessories. The company's product line includes piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoelectric pressure sensors, handheld vibration meters, and analog electrical filters. The company's products are used in the laboratory, on the production floor, and as original equipment for measuring and recording dynamic changes in mechanical variables, including shock and vibration. It also provides services that include instrumentation calibration, cable assembly, cable repairs, and training.
Sinocera Piezotronics Inc., established in 2001 in Jiangsu, China, is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in piezoelectric ceramic materials, piezoelectric sensors and dynamic testing instruments. The company’s products include piezoelectric ceramics, ceramic actuators, and a range of sensors, instruments, and signal-processing equipment. The company can also produce according to customers’ requirements offering custom solutions to meet different needs. Their products serve diverse industries including civil engineering, construction, energy, petrochemicals, and more. The company holds ISO9001 certification, Rohs and CE certificates, serving clients across the globe including North and South America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East.
Precision Instruments & Electronics (Madras) Pvt. Ltd., founded in 1972 with headquarters in India, is a manufacturer of electronic monitors. The company's product line includes reverse rotation monitors, condition monitoring systems, hydrogen sulfide sensors, non-contact vibration monitoring systems, and temperature controllers. These products are used for various applications by fertilizer, oil refinery, paper, cement, and steel processing plants, among many others. It also provides training, repairs, spare parts, and replacement parts, as well as supporting service agreements.
Meggitt PLC, now Parker Meggitt, founded in 1947 with headquarters in the UK, is a manufacturer of components and sub-systems for the aerospace, defense, and selected energy markets. The company's product line includes complete integrated braking systems, including the wheels, brakes, and brake control elements for business jets; H2/O2 analyzers for nuclear power plants; and complete API/EI-approved commercial and civil aircraft refueling systems. It custom supplies its components and systems with extensive consultation, support, and maintenance services.
Shaanxi Aerospace the Great Wall Measurement & Control Co., Ltd., founded in 2006 with headquarters in China, is a manufacturer of navigation systems and devices. The company's product line includes gyroscopes (angular rate sensors), acceleration sensors, tilt angle sensors, compasses, and north-seeking gyroscopes used in aerospace, national defense, electronic products, construction vehicles, and public transportation, among many other fields. It also provides custom systematic angle measurement solutions, inertial navigation, and stability control systems to meet client-specific requirements.
IPA Private Limited, established in 1977 with headquarters in India, is a manufacturer of weighing and material handling machines and systems. The company's product portfolio comprises electro-mechanical sensors, measurement and control material handling equipment, and control devices. Examples of these products include semiconductor strain gauges, heavy-duty weighbridge systems for bulk carriers, weigh feeders, crane weighing systems, and various electronic control systems. It also provides custom product design, engineering, and manufacturing to meet client-specific requirements.
Bruel & Kjaer Vibro America, Inc., established in 1994 as a subsidiary of German company Brüel & Kjær Vibro GmbH is an American service provider and manufacturer of condition monitoring products. Based in Gardnerville, Nevada, the company produces various VIBRO brand devices that collect, analyze, and/or display vibrational data. The devices include VC-8000 rack-based continuous monitoring system, VIBROPORT & VIBROTEST portable onsite measurement instruments, and the VCM-3 wireless connectivity & cloud-based data management system. It also offers accessories and spare parts for various application in the petrochemical, renewable energy, and mining industries.
Dataforth Corp. is based in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and is a developer and manufacturer of data communication products that was established in 1984 as a spin-off from Burr-Brown Corporation. The company produces data acquisition products such as data loggers, data communication products such as serial converters and repeaters, and signal conditioning products such as loop-powered transmitters and isolated analog modules. The company’s products are commonly used by client manufacturers of environment monitoring instruments, process control equipment, and building automation products.
DynaTronic Corporation Ltd. is a manufacturer of data acquisition equipment and testing instruments founded in 2012 and based in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. The company’s products include vibration transducer calibration systems for automating the calibration of multiple vibration sensors, high shock accelerometers for analyzing sudden shock or impact scenarios, and modal shakers for component testing or aerospace ground vibration tests. It also offers shock test systems and vibration controllers in different specifications and standards. The company’s products are commonly used by clients in the automotive, aerospace, and civil engineering sectors.
Founded in Switzerland, Kistler serves both public and private customers in the automotive, aerospace, maritime, transportation, medical, semiconductor, energy and life sciences industries. Products include sensors as well as connectivity, signal, and data acquisition devices as well as software solutions. Applications of these solutions include R&D to safety testing, and condition monitoring. Key technologies include dynamic pressure, force, torque and acceleration measurement technologies.
ST Micro Electronics is a global semiconductor company serving customers with innovations to have a positive impact on people's lives. Their product line is micro electronic systems, such as switches, controllers, sensors and drivers. The main selling point of ST Micro Electronics is its provision of sustainable products, and introducing their electronics to create a more sustainable world. The company, as well as providing the electronic devices, also provides software and support, ensuring that all fields are covered to provide a fully provide a supported and strong relationship with their customer base. ST Micro Electronics believe that technology plays a key role in helping to solve environmental and social challenges, which is why their semiconductor technologies start with their employees, their customers and partners.
Baker Hughes Co. (BHC) is an American service provider and manufacturer of industrial oilfield equipment that was established in 1987 following the merger of Baker International and Hughes Tool Company. Based in Houston, Texas, the company produces several categories of oilfield products including drilling equipment, pipe and subsea production systems, generators, and storage systems. It also offers process control components and actuators such as pumps, valves and regulators. BHC provides various services for oilfield and liquefied natural gas (LNG) operations, including regasification, well construction, transportation, and storage.
HBK, formerly named HBM, is a global ISO9001 and ISO14001-certified company founded in 1950. It is known for providing the best technology and expertise in test and measurement. With branches in 30 countries, it provides clients with different solutions ranging from sound and vibration to propulsion efficiency and weighing. Examples of product offerings include transducers, amplifiers, sensors, strain gauges, data acquisition systems, etc. Such products are used in different markets, including aerospace, automobiles, telecom audio, and more. Besides supplying products, they also entertain their customers with after-sales services.
ASC GmbH, established in 2006 and headquartered in Bayern, Germany, is a manufacturer of high-precision sensors for test and measurement applications. The company offers various sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and inertial measurement units, designed for precise inertial measurements. These sensors are utilized in predictive maintenance, condition monitoring, and modal analyses across various industries, including automotive, rail transport, and agricultural engineering. The company offers calibration, repair, and consultation services, ensuring timely and practical support. Its smart sensor systems, such as ASC AiSys, enable monitoring solutions essential for digitization and Industry 4.0 applications.
Texense, founded in Nevers, France is a manufacturer of embedded sensors. The company's product portfolio includes Inertial Boxes, IR Temperature Sensors, Lean Angle Sensors, Miniature pressure sensors, and Pitot Sensors. Their products are used by international racing teams from F1, NASCAR, and Moto GP. The company serves markets including Automotive and Electric Vehicles, aviation and Electronics and IT. The company also provides services including global distribution, preventative maintenance, troubleshooting, repair and customer service.
ALTHEN, established in 1978, headquartered in Kelkheim, Germany, is a manufacturer and supplier that specializes in providing precision sensors and measurement solutions. Their product range includes strain gauges, load cells, pressure transducers, and displacement sensors, catering to industries such as aerospace, automotive, renewable energy, and robotics. ALTHEN's sensors enable accurate data collection, testing, and monitoring of various parameters critical to the performance and safety of industrial processes and structures. They maintain ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications, ensuring the quality of their products for precise measurements across diverse industrial applications.
Spherel Systèmes, established in 1977 and headquartered in Portet-Sur-Garonne, France, is a designer, manufacturer, and supplier of electronic measuring equipment and sensors. The company offers amplifiers, multichannel multifunction measuring units, and a range of sensors for measuring incline, force, and displacement. These products are used in structure testing, wind tunnel testing, and industrial process testing. Its services include maintenance programs, software development, and original equipment manufacturer services. It serves sectors including high-speed railways, database centers, and shipbuilding.
Meggitt SA is a manufacturer of sensing and monitoring systems that was originally established in 1952 in Fribourg, Switzerland before being acquired by the Parker Hannifin Corporation in 2022. The company’s products include various systems for monitoring and sensing the state of physical parameters. These include signal conditioners for processing and reading data, sensors for measuring vibration or temperature, and monitoring software. The company chiefly serves clients in the defense, energy generation, and automotive sectors. It maintains several internationally recognized certifications including ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001.
Kionix Inc is a US-based manufacturer, established in 1993, is a MEMS inertial sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sensor fusion products. The company products are used by consumers, health and fitness, and industrial companies worldwide to enable motion-based functionality in their products. It has a proprietary MEMS technology known as plasma micromachining that allows it to produce performance-based and low-cost sensors and offers total system solutions and integration expertise. The company is a subsidiary of ROHM Co Ltd, a semiconductor company in Japan, and leverages ROHM’s resources to advance its technology, sustain its growth, and expand its global reach.
Trombetta, Inc. is an American ISO 9001-certified manufacturer of DC power switching and related power management products that was established in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1932. The company offers controller area network (CAN) devices for automotive or industrial systems, DC contactors for high current switching up to 48VDC, and power splitters for power distribution applications. It also offers digital switching systems, voltage regulators, and industrial work solenoids. The company’s products are commonly used in heavy machinery, power sports such as motocross racing, and the electric vehicles industry.
Nanodyne Measurement Systems, Inc., established in 1987, and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a manufacturer of standard and custom LED microscope lights and illuminators. The company's diverse product range, includes accelerometers, test probes, electromechanical test sockets, power supplies, transducers & force sensors, which are used in industries such as forensics, education, and industrial. It's products are used in applications like electronics testing, measurement, and monitoring across industries such as manufacturing, research, and quality control.
KYOWA ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD., founded in 1949 as Kyowa Radio Laboratory Co., Ltd., is a Japanese manufacturer and distributor based in Chofu, Tokyo, specializing in stress measuring equipment with strain gages. Their product offerings include strain gages, bridge boxes or input adapters, transducers, and related accessories. Additionally, KYOWA operates TAMAYA TECHNICS INC., a subsidiary that manufactures navigation, surveying, and meteorological instruments. KYOWA's stress measuring products find applications in various industries. For example, their measurement instruments are used in riding quality evaluation and safety tests of automobiles and railway roads. These devices are also utilized in construction, civil engineering, and healthcare sectors.
Delta OHM S.r.l., established in 1978 and based in Caselle di Selvazzano, Italy, is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in meteorological devices. The company's product portfolio includes ultrasonic anemometers, particulate matter transmitters, barometric pressure transmitters, thermometers, and other devices. These devices are utilized in various industries, including environmental monitoring, meteorology, renewable energy, agriculture and food, as well as health and safety. The company holds both ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001 certificates, and it employs more than 330 individuals across sixteen global locations.
CESVA instruments s.l.u., founded in 1969, is a manufacturer and supplier based in Barcelona, Spain, developing precision microphones and acoustic instruments. With its own research and development department and patented products, the company offers sound-level meters, noise sensors, and calibrators. Other products, such as logger-limiters, vibrometers, and transducers, are also part of its product range. These products are distributed to more than 40 countries worldwide, utilized in airborne and impact sound insulation, permanent noise monitoring in smart city infrastructures, and industrial noise and vibration measurement for health risk assessment. The company also develops software applications to complement all its products.
DynaLabs Mühendislik LTD, founded in 2013, and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey, is a manufacturer and a supplier of dynamic testing and measurement equipment. The company has an extensive MEMS accelerometer and gyroscope product lines that meet the automotive and aerospace industry's needs. Its product range includes capacitive accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, gyroscopes, as well as inertial measurement units and permanent magnet shakers. The company's external amplifiers are designed to have integrated signal generators.
Xi'an Kacise Optronics Co., Ltd., also referred as China Good Quality Fluid Level Meter Supplier, is a manufacturer of precision measuring instruments in Xi'an City, China, since 2008. The company offers a range of products, including pH & ORP meters for chemical fertilizer water, dissolved oxygen sensors for shrimp farms, and COD measurement instruments for various applications. Its products are used in diverse industries to monitor fluid levels and water quality. The company holds ISO 9001:2008 and CE certifications in manufacturing, exporting products to over 30 countries and regions.
PCE Instruments UK Ltd., started in 199 and headquartered in Manchester, UK, is a manufacturer and supplier of test instruments, equipment, and tools for weighing, measuring, and control systems. The company offers more than 500 test equipment, including analyzers, inspection cameras, meters, detectors, and sensors, with applications in various fields like data acquisition, electrical engineering, environmental science, building inspection, and food processing. Its manufacturing and development division is ISO 9001 certified, all its test instruments, equipment, and tools are factory calibrated, and the company also provides services for custom test instrument design, installation, and maintenance.
PassatInnovations Ltd., established in 2013 and headquartered in Mira, Belarus, is a supplier and manufacturer of electrical and control equipment. The company offers an extensive product portfolio featuring microprocessor devices, conveyor control systems, vibration diagnostics systems, and sensors, as well as systems for monitoring the smoothness of conveyance movement. These products have applications across various industries, including electrical, electronic, communication, automation, and metrology, and are instrumental in enhancing control, automation, and precision in processes.
Endevco Corporation, founded in 1947 and headquartered in Irvine, California, United States, is a manufacturer and supplier of dynamic instrumentation for vibration, shock, and pressure measurement. The company's main product portfolio includes accelerometers, signal conditioners, and pressure transducers. It also supplies high-intensity microphones, cables, and accessories. These products are used in sensor applications for auto safety testing, high-speed train development, and armored vehicle testing. The company's after-sales services include calibration, console support, and repairs. In 2019, the company became a PCB Piezotronics company and is part of PCB Piezotronics of North Carolina Inc.
Rockwell Automation, Inc. was founded in 1903 and is headquartered in Milwakee, WI. Rockwell Automation provides industrial automation and digital transformation solutions around the world. Rockwell Automation operates through their intelligent devices, software & control, and lifecycle services segments with both hardware and software products and services. The Intelligent Devices segment offers drives, motion, safety, sensing, industrial components, and configured-to-order products. The Software & Control segment provides control and visualization software and hardware, information software, and network and security infrastructure solutions. The Lifecycle Services segment provides consulting, professional services and solutions, and connected and maintenance services through independent distributors.
ROHM Semiconductor was incorporated in 1940 and is headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. ROHM manufactures and sells electronic components worldwide. ROHM operates through the segments ICs, discrete semiconductor devices, and modules. ROHM provides ICs comprising memory, amplifiers and linear, power management, clocks and timers, switches and multiplexers, logic, data converters, sensors and MEMS, display drivers, motor/actuator drivers, interfaces, communication and speech synthesis LSI, audio and video, and microcontrollers. ROHM also offers discrete semiconductor products include MOSFETs, bipolar transistors, and diodes; power devices, including power transistors and diodes, SiC power devices, IGBT, and IPM; passive devices, such as resistors, and conductive polymer and tantalum capacitors; and various modules among others.
Pico Technology was established in 1991 and is headquartered in St Neots, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom where it designs, manufactures, and supplies PC-based test and measurement instruments. The company deals in data acquisition, oscilloscopes, and automotive diagnostics with various test and measurement instruments, including oscilloscopes, data loggers, spectrum analyzers, signal generators, and automotive diagnostics tools. The products help engineers, scientists, researchers, and technicians capture, analyze, and interpret signals and data in various applications. The company also collaborates with academic and research organizations besides aerospace, telecommunications, electronics, and manufacturing industries.
PMC-STS Inc., founded in 1963 and based in Danbury, Connecticut, is a manufacturer of pressure, vacuum, and level sensor instruments for aerospace, motorsports, and water applications, among others. The company also provides customized solutions and products to meet challenging customer requirements. It is the first manufacturer offering flush-mounted transmitters for measuring in-process pulp in wastewater, paper, and other difficult fluid level and pressure measurements. In 2022, the company was acquired by Sensor Technik Sirnach AG to help penetrate the North American market further and benefit from both application and product expertise.
Richardson RFPD, based in Geneva, Illinois, is an electronic component distributor that became a subsidiary of Arrow Electronics in 2011. The company stocks products such as antennas, power supplies, and ICs, and its engineering team brings together over 600 years of combined design experience in IoT product development, wireless, and RF, making it competent from conception to production. The company is ISO 9001 certified and has three international distribution hubs in Asia, Europe, and North America. It sells products from several brands, including Advanced Thermal Solutions, Empower RF Systems Inc., and Carlisle Interconnect Technologies.
Honeywell International Ltd., a global conglomerate headquartered in the United States, is a major technology company providing a wide range of aerospace solutions since 1906. The company's product portfolio encompasses aerospace systems, industrial automation, and connected solutions for homes and buildings. Their solutions can reduce the risk for the plane accidents, designed to aid pilots in safe take-off and landing, Increase flight crew awareness, and pinpoint precise airplane location to aid landings. The advancement of urban air mobility and increase in commercial travel will challenge the modern airspace and their products offer gain visibility and control to keep flights safe.
CEMB, founded in Italy in 1946, is a supplier of vertical axis and horizontal axis balancing machines. The company's product portfolio includes equipment designed to balance various rotating components like fans, rotors, turbines, and more. These machines are used when the primary imbalance is along the horizontal axis. Applications include balancing crankshafts, car wheels, and other components where horizontal balance is critical. It also offers fer additional services, including installation, training, and maintenance for the equipment.
DIS Sensors is an ISO9001 certified company with its headquarters in Soest, Netherlands, and is known as the developer and supplier of sensors for measuring inclination and acceleration, as well as rotary encoders for many industrial applications. The company serves the energy sector, medical, mobile, oil & gas, and material handling industries with a range of sensors including inclination & acceleration sensors, safety sensors, and other products such as tilt switches, cables, and accessories. The company provides support answers to technical questions and orders to customers who need them.
Hybrid Electronics is a global distribution specialist of electronic components, with access to over 50 million unique components. Among the markets HE serves are the aerospace, automotive, communications, defense, industrial, medical, national security, and test & measurement industries. In addition to components, HE also provides quality and compliance testing, counterfeit detection, upscreening, and other forms of quality control. Examples of component subtypes that HE offers include ICs, batteries, capacitors, semiconductor products, sensors, circuit protection, interconnectors, filters, optoelectronics, relays, switches, power supplies, and cables and cable assemblies.
Ranking as of November 2024
Derivation MethodRank | Company | Click Share |
---|---|---|
1 | ZETLAB Company |
5.7%
|
2 | TSM Sensors s.r.l. |
3.7%
|
3 | IPA Private Limited |
3.7%
|
4 | Nanodyne Measurement Systems, Inc. |
3.0%
|
5 | ifm efector, inc. |
3.0%
|
6 | QED/Inc. |
2.3%
|
7 | Honeywell Aerospace |
2.3%
|
8 | Precision Instruments & Electronics (Madras) Pvt. Ltd. |
2.3%
|
9 | Shaanxi Aerospace the Great Wall Measurement & Control Co., Ltd. |
2.3%
|
10 | SCHENCK USA CORP. |
2.3%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the accelerometer page as of November 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
---|---|---|
United States of America | 30 | 42.9% |
Italy | 7 | 10.0% |
United Kingdom | 6 | 8.6% |
Germany | 5 | 7.1% |
China | 4 | 5.7% |
Switzerland | 4 | 5.7% |
Japan | 3 | 4.3% |
Turkey | 2 | 2.9% |
Netherlands | 2 | 2.9% |
India | 2 | 2.9% |
Sweden | 1 | 1.4% |
Russia | 1 | 1.4% |
Norway | 1 | 1.4% |
Ireland | 1 | 1.4% |
Spain | 1 | 1.4% |
4 products are listed.
RION Co., Ltd.
30+ people viewing
The VM-63C is a small vibration meter suitable for maintenance and management of industrial machinery, mainly for rotating machinery, and vibration...
Krone Co., Ltd.
60+ people viewing
Baseboard implementation type MV output ■ Applications Vibration, shock monitoring, etc.
Unipulus
50+ people viewing
The V100 is a vibration measuring instrument that can measure the vibration at the time of machine processing, display the amplitude, determine the...