All Categories
History
This section provides an overview for test pumps as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 34 test pump manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked test pump companies as of December, 2024: 1.Virax, 2.GD Energy Products, 3.Haskel International.
Table of Contents
A test pump is a device specifically designed to evaluate the integrity and durability of water piping systems. These pumps are used to identify leaks in the piping or to verify if the system can endure certain pressure levels. Test pumps are available in two main types: manual and electric. Manual test pumps require physical effort to pump water, whereas electric test pumps automate this process using electrical power. The capability of a test pump, in terms of both the volume of piping it can assess and the level of water pressure it can apply, varies based on its design and specifications.
In typical household scenarios, a small, portable test pump is usually adequate. For more extensive water piping evaluations, particularly in larger installations, bigger test pumps are necessary.
Test pumps are extensively used in the plumbing industry for inspecting new or repaired water pipes. These inspections are crucial to ensure the safety and functionality of the installation. By detecting and addressing problems such as cracks or weak joints, test pumps help prevent water leakage, which can lead to corrosion, mold growth, increased utility costs, and damage to building structures. Additionally, test pumps are employed to check water pressure in systems following modifications like valve replacements, line extensions, or new faucet installations.
When utilizing a test pump, it is connected to the piping system being tested. The pump introduces water into the system, displacing the air, and fills the pipes with water. The water pressure is monitored using a pressure gauge. If leaks are present, they will manifest as a gradual decline in the pressure reading, indicating water escape. This method is essential because it may be impossible to detect leaks without the application of pressure. Test pumps are also instrumental in verifying the piping’s capability to withstand abrupt pressure changes, such as those caused by water hammer effects. Manual test pumps, operated via a lever, are apt for small-scale testing due to their ability to finely adjust water pressure. Conversely, electric test pumps, which need an external power source, offer a more efficient solution for larger plumbing systems, thanks to their automated functionality.
*Including some distributors, etc.
Sort by Features
Sort by Area
Hydrorex Inc., founded in 2008 and headquartered in Los Angeles, California, USA, is a manufacturer of advanced water treatment solutions. The company specializes in water treatment solutions, including purification systems, filtration units, and water management software. The company's products cater to diverse industries like manufacturing, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. The company has received awards, such as the Water Technology Award in 2019 and the Environmental Stewardship Award in 2021. Holding ISO 9001:2015 certification for quality management.
Flowmetrics Inc is a manufacturer and supplier of ground support equipment, pumps and flowmetrics. Established in 1976, the company is headquartered in Bukit Batok Street Singapore. The company's main activities involve the design, production, and distribution of aircraft ground support equipment (GSE) ingenuity and related instruments. Its product range includes turbine flow meters, positive displacement flow meters, and electromagnetic flow meters, catering to industries such as defense, aviation, commercial ground and engineering industries (GSE) as fluids treatment, and chemicals. Flowmetrics Inc offers services like technical support and instrument calibration.
Volkmann, Inc. is a manufacturer of vacuum conveying systems established in 2008 as a North American subsidiary of the German company Volkmann GmbH, which was founded in 1973. Based in Bristol, Pennsylvania, the company specializes in producing pneumatic vacuum conveying systems for transferring granules, pellets, fine chemicals or tablets. These include rip-and-tip stations, hoists, bulk bag unloaders, weighing and dosing systems, and delumpers. Volkmann products are used in the industrial processing and packaging operations of clients in various industries, including within the chemical and food processing, additive manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals sectors.
Ashcroft was founded in 1852 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to create instruments to protect steam-powered industry workers and today is a manufacturer in pressure and temperature measurement instrumentation.Ashcroft serves the chemical, food & beverage, metals & minerals, oil & gas, pharmaceutical & research, power, and water & wastewater markets. Ashcroft products include pressure instruments including pressure gauges, switches, sensors, and isolators; test instruments including calibrators, controllers, testers, and test gauges; and temperature instruments including thermometers, thermowells, RTDs, thermocouples, multipoint temperature sensors, and OEM temperature sensors.
Rice Hydro, Inc., established in 1976, and located in Carson City, Nevada, is a manufacturer and distributor of small construction equipment. The company's product offerings includes hydrostatic test pumps, post hole diggers, and shoring pressure pumps, and fire hose testers, which serve in industries such as water, oil and gas, construction, and plumbing. Its products are essential for facilitating tasks like pressure testing, digging holes, and assessing fire hose functionality.
Reed Manufacturing was founded in 1896 in Erie, Pennsylvania. Reed Manufacturing is a distributor of pipe tools and vises for professional trades. Product lines include cutters & cutter wheels, pipe cutters, large diameter pipe tools, plastic pipe tools, water services tools, threaders & dies, test pumps & groovers, vises, wrenches, and general pipe working tools. New product lines include cordless pipe bevelers, pipe beveler adapter heads, cordless power drives, cordless water transfer pumps, oiler systems, rachet wrenches, utility clutches, pipe end prep tools, and squeeze tools.
PipeMan Products, Inc. was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Concord, California. The company offers innovative plumbing products to the PHCC and waterworks industries. Originally starting with the trademarked Insta-Clamp Solder Joint Repair Clamp the company has expanded to provide solutions for Hot Tap, Line Stop, Pipe Freeze, and Commercial Pipe Repair markets. The company offers a broad selection of piping and plumbing tools as well as tools for natural gas, compressed air, and other applications. The company also distributes products for other manufacturers such as Reed Manufacturing Company, JCM Industries, and Wheeler Rex to customers globally.
Peterson Products Company is based in Fredonia, Wisconsin and has a history dating back to its first patent issued in 1916. Peterson Products Company is ISO 9001:2015 certified manufacturer and distributor of products designed to assist customers with wastewater, tunneling, plumbing, and pipeline needs. Peterson’s product categories include annular seals, contractor tools, custom inflatable tools, custom manufacturing, inflation accessories and fittings, lifting bags and pipe handlers, pecker carriers, high pressure pipe plugs, chemical resistant pipe plugs, temperature and pressure gauges, and test equipment.
Ohio Power Tool, Inc was founded in Columbus, OH in 1983. OPT has 3 primary operating segments: sales, rental, and repair. Sales and rental segments include air compressors and other air tools, concrete & masonry saws, concrete core drills, cordless and electric corded tools, gas detection, generators, hand tools, hydraulic cylinders and pumps, inspection equipment, jobsite cleanup equipment, ladders and lifting equipment, levels, pipe cutting & threading equipment, as well as safety and storage equipment. The repair segment includes testing and recalibration and uses factory parts.
Metro Hydraulic Jack Co. is a third-generation family run business in operation since 1941. MHJ is based in Newark, NJ. MHJ distributes hydraulic jack-related equipment, tools, and parts including a broad range of cylinders, motors, valves, presses, couplings, tools, hydraulic fittings, hoses, jacks, pumps, lifts, lubrication equipment, pallet stackers, scissor lifts, and workholding devices. MHJ also offers system design services as well as engineering services and extensive repair including testing, retrofitting, and overhauling.
Industrial Pump Sales & Service, Inc. is based in Tiverton, Rhode Island and is a distributor and service provider to industrial and commercial customers. Industrial Pump Sales & Service product offerings include air diaphragm pumps, sewage & sump pumps, magnetic drive pumps, progressive cavity pumps, ANSI process pumps, gear pumps, vertical turbines, boiler feed & condensate, drum pumps, diaphragms, pump systems, tanks, valves, and accessories. Additional services include repairs that are performed in shop or in field as well as custom pressure feed systems.
HydraCheck was established in 1990 and headquartered in West Valley City, Utah. The company is a distributor of diagnostic testing and maintenance for hydraulic systems across North America. The company provides support services for end customers as well as mechanics and technicians. The company’s product lines include testing products, diagnostic kits, and safety devices. Testing products include flanges, gauges, and thermometers while kits include identification kits and test kits. The company's safety devices include goggles, models, and guides.
Globe Airmotors, founded in 1986, is a manufacturer based in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands, specializing in producing air motors and accessories. Its product portfolio includes vane air motors, piston air motors, control valves, air supply units, silencers, and more. The company also accepts special requirements to meet the needs of its customers. It obtained ATEX II certificates for air motors and gearboxes to ensure its products can be used in explosive-risk environments. Its quality management has been certified with ISO 9001.
ASADA CO., LTD., founded in 1941 and headquartered in Nagoya, Japan, is a manufacturer and supplier of plumbing machinery and environmental equipment. The company’s product portfolio includes threading machines, pipe inspection cameras, vacuum pumps, cutting machines, and drain cleaning tools. These products are utilized by various industries, including construction, agriculture, plumbing and HVAC, environmental and waste management, and infrastructure and infrastructure maintenance. The company has established a global network with offices in Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, and the United States.
MD Highjet Pump & Systems, established in 2016 and based in Ahmedabad, India, is a manufacturer and supplier of hydro test pump, hydro jetting machines and other pump systems. The range of hydro test pumps the company offers include electric operated, automatic, hydrostatic, high pressure and medium pressure hydro testing pumps. Additionally, the company also offers hydro jetting machines and pump system, high pressure car washing pump, hydro blasting machines, triplex plunger pumps and various pressure washers. The company also provides repairing and maintenance services for the offered products.
Suvas Enterprise, established in 1982 and based in Ahmedabad, India, is a manufacturer and supplier of a range of hydraulic test pumps. The company produces high and low pressure hydraulic test pumps that are used for hydra static high pressure testing purposes such as testing water meters, plumbing lines, pressure vessels, boilers and gas cylinders in both residential and commercial buildings. Some of these hand operated pumps can be used to test modest irrigation lines as well. The company also offers testing service for installations like heating, compressed air, oil installation, bore pipelines and refrigeration systems.
Unique Dosing Systems Pvt. Ltd., established in 2005, is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, as a manufacturer specializing in the design and production of dosing and dispensing solutions. The company's offerings encompass tailored chemical dosing systems, automated dispensing solutions, and digital control and monitoring technology. The company has received awards such as the Innovation in Dosing Technology Award in 2016 and the Environmental Sustainability Excellence Award in 2019. Holding ISO 9001:2015 certification for quality management. It caters to a wide array of sectors, from water treatment to pharmaceuticals.
Wingoil, founded in 1997 and headquartered in Shanghai, China, is a manufacturer and supplier of equipment and flow control solutions in the oil and gas industry. The company specializes in equipment for pressure testing, chemical injection, and pipeline maintenance in the oil and gas sector. The company has received awards, including the Tech Innovator Award in 2018 and the Digital Transformation Excellence Award in 2020. The company maintains certifications like ISO 9001 to ensure product quality and safety. Its target market comprises exploration and production companies, drilling contractors, and pipeline operators.
Metro Industries, established in 2000 and headquartered in Bangalore, India, is a manufacturer of pumping system solutions. The company designs, develops, and manufactures different types of pumps and pumping systems for cementation, resinous or solution chemical mixture grouting, hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, hydrostatic pumps, injection packers, and nozzles. The company caters to the specific needs of diverse industries such as the automotive industry, food and beverage plants, the agriculture sector, the construction industry, the aerospace industry, and boiler and pipeline projects. In addition, the company adheres to ISO 9001 international standards in its quality management system.
Dev Engineers Inc., established in 1994, is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, as a manufacturer of pumping solutions. The company specializes in pumping solutions for industries including agriculture, water supply, wastewater management, and industrial processes. The company has received awards, such as the Excellence in Engineering Award (2016) and the Global Impact Award (2019). The company holds various certifications, including ISO 9001:2015, ensuring adherence to international manufacturing standards. Its target markets encompass agriculture, municipal services, construction, water treatment, and a diverse industrial sector.
Ambica Machine Tools, established in 2006, is an industrial pump supplier and manufacturer based in Ahmedabad, India. The company manufactures a wide range of industrial pumps, valves, and other pumping equipments, serving a myriad of famous brands in the industry. Its products range from a basic level centrifugal pump to the latest and cutting-edge pumps. Its products are designed to meet specific industrial requirements, making it a sought-after company for industrial pumps and pumping equipment. With clients present in countries like the Philippines, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and many more, having a strong global footprints.
Suncenter, founded in Guangdong, China, in 2013 is a manufacturer of high pressure pumps. The company's product portfolio includes High-Pressure Triplex Plunger Pumps, High-Pressure Diaphragm Pumps, High-Pressure Centrifugal Pumps and Ultra-High-Pressure Pumps. The company serves markets including Medical and Healthcare, Aerospace and Defense, Consumer Goods, Industrial Manufacturing and Construction and Building. The company provides services such as Product Selection Guidance, Engineering Support, New Product Design and Development and Custom Manufacturing.
GD Energy Products, established in 1989 and headquartered in Houston, Texas, is a manufacturer of OEM parts. The company produces a range of products, including frac pumps, mud pumps, well pumps, hydrostatic pumps, fluid ends, safelock valve covers, tungsten carbide valve seats, plungers, pistons, and liners. It's services include on site field service, pump repairs and parts supplies. The company products are applicable in acidizing, cementing, coiled tubing, electric fracturing, mine dewatering and salt water disposal. The company is API-64 and ISO certified.
PressureJet Systems Pvt. Ltd., founded in 1996, is headquartered in Ahmedabad, India, and is a manufacturer of waterjet pumps and accessories. The company offers products, including waterjet pumps, nozzles, valves, and related accessories, for industries like automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and construction. It has received awards such as the 2015 Innovation Excellence Award and 2019 Quality Assurance Award, and it adheres to ISO 9001 international standards for quality management.
Vaccon Co., Inc., now NORGREN, has roots dating back to 1947, was originally founded in 1972, and headquartered in Saline, Michigan. NORGREN is a manufacturer with expertise in die and automation design. NORGREN product lines include adaptive transforming tools, double blank analyzers, grippers & shovels, mounting solutions, carbon fiber structures, thread, stud, & nut detection, tool changers, vacuums, and modular tooling in industrial automation & cabots. NORGREN services include automation and tooling, die engineering, carbon fiber, and vacuum services as well as expertise to assist customers adapt old equipment for new applications or in new plants.
Hydro-Pac, Inc. was founded in the early 1980s and is headquartered in Fairview, Pennsylvania. The company is a designer and manufacturer of a complete line of high-pressure liquid pumps and gas compressors for use in residential, commercial, medical, and marine applications. The company’s four product lines cover gas compressors, high-pressure pumps, pressure vessels, and other specialized products. These other products include air bag inflators, pump systems for producing artificial diamonds, CO2 loop compressor systems, and high-pressure custom valve racks.
Haskel began in 1954 and is now part of Ingersoll Rand. Haskel is a designer and manufacturer of high-pressure industrial gas and liquid handling equipment in three categories: hydrogen refueling, products, and aftermarket. Hydrogen refueling includes, refueling stations, hydrogen compressors, hydrogen compression and transfer, hydrogen valves fitting and tubing. Products include liquid pumps, refrigerant pumps, gas boost compressors, air pressure amplifiers, packaged systems, spare parts, system components, and high pressure valves. Aftermarket support includes support for hydrogen stations, repair, maintenance, service, and spare parts.
REN Jetting Systems LLP, established in 2000 and based in Ahmedabad, India, is a manufacturer of a range of high pressure jet pumps and industrial cleaning machines. The company manufactures a range of pumps including hydro test pumps, hydro jetting pumps, high pressure pumps, sewer jetting pumps as well as other industrial cleaning machines such as pressure washer, high pressure cleaner, hydro blasting machine, tube cleaner and car washer. The company is an authorised distributor of UDOR plunger pumps, HAWK pumps and MORO KAISER components.
Virax, established in 1920 and headquartered in France, is a manufacturer and supplier of plumbing and pipe tools. The company's product categories include pipe cutters, threading tools, wrenches, among other plumbing and pipe-related equipment such as copper pipe cutters, manual threaders, gas tightness controllers, press-fitting machines, and more. It serves professionals in the plumbing and construction industries with products for precise and efficient pipe cutting, threading, and plumbing tasks, ensuring effective installations and repairs.
Wharton Hardware and Supply is a family-operated business that was founded in 1948 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and has branched to several locations across the United States. Wharton operates in 3 segments: products, sales & rental, and services. The products segment includes road & bridge concrete accessories, safety equipment, abrasives and cutting tool products, plumbing-related products, topological products, fasteners, bits and drill equipment, as well as power tools. The sales & rental segment offers heavy duty construction equipment from major brands. The services segment includes repair and testing for tools and equipment.
Resato B.V. was founded in the 1990s in Assen in the Netherlands. Resato is a distributor off high pressure technology products used for cutting, pressure testing, controlling, injection, compression, filling, and forming. Resato’s product categories include waterjet cutting technology used in jobshops, automotive, and aerospace industries. Waterjet tools include cutting tables, cutting heads, cutting pumps, abrasive management, and software. High pressure technology products are used in the oil & gas industries and industrial sectors. Hydrogen testing and hydrogen refueling-related products and services are also available.
B&B Instruments (BBI) was incorporated in Indiana in 1972 and still operates out of Indianapolis, Indiana today. BBI is an authorized stocking distributor for manufacturers of measurement, control & calibration equipment for pressure, temperature, flow, humidity, & level instrumentation serving both startups as well as Fortune 500 clients in industries such as utilities, metals, food, process, industrial, OEMs, and technical. BBI’s product categories include calibrators, controllers, meters, flow, gauges, humidity, level, meters, pressure, switches, temperature, and transmitters. Featured products include Autrol Transmitters APPT-3100 Differential Pressure Transmitter, Barksdale’s UDS7 Series Solid State Pressure Switches, Kytronic’s actuator positioner, and Monarch DataChart’s DC1250 2-Channel Paperless Recorder.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | GD Energy Products |
6.3%
|
| 2 | Virax |
4.2%
|
| 3 | HYDROREX |
4.2%
|
| 4 | Wingoil |
4.2%
|
| 5 | Rice Hydro, Inc. |
4.2%
|
| 6 | PressureJet Systems Pvt. Ltd. |
4.2%
|
| 7 | Flowmetrics Inc |
4.2%
|
| 8 | Suncenter |
4.2%
|
| 9 | Parker / Autoclave Engineers |
4.2%
|
| 10 | Pipeman Products, Inc. |
4.2%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the test pump page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
United States of America
|
12 | 50.0% |
|
India
|
7 | 29.2% |
|
Japan
|
2 | 8.3% |
|
China
|
2 | 8.3% |
|
Netherlands
|
1 | 4.2% |
26 products found
26 products
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 2 hours ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 928A Hydraulic Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate pressures up to 100MPa (15,000psi). This pump incorporates a du...
SATACO Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 5 hours ago
■Features ・Electric booster drive control ・Exhaust noise is lower than conventional products ・Speed control using exhaust air ■Intended use ...
SATACO Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
■Features ・Generates high pressure water of 400Mpa with compressor air of 0.7Mpa -Easy to move with caster type ・Pressure can be easily adjusted ...
SATACO Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
■Features ・Generates high pressure water of 40MPa with compressor air of 0.6MPa -Easy to move with caster type ・Pressure can be easily adjusted b...
SATACO Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
■Features - Electrical signals can be extracted by installing the test item inside the pipe. - Suitable for pressure and temperature characteristic...
Tanida
140+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Presure Testing to accelerate with pressure test ■ Design -consistent service of the report KILT has been entrusted with a wide range of pressure ...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 6 minutes ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 925 Hydraulic Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate pressures from 85% vacuum to 6,000psi (40MPa). Adopting patented...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 4 minutes ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 927 Hydraulic Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate pressures from 85% vacuum to 10,000psi (70MPa). Adopting patente...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
40+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 hour ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 946A Hydraulic Test Pump is a benchtop pressure pump designed to generate pressures up to 100 MPa (15,000 psi). This pump has a dual-pi...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
40+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 959A Hydraulic Test Pump is a benchtop pressure pump designed to generate pressures up to 280 MPa (40,000 psi). This pump has a dual-pi...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 hour ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel901B Low Pressure Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate pressures from -40kPa (-6psi) to 40kPa (6psi). High quality s...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 16 hours ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 914A Pneumatic Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate 375psi (2.5MPa) of pressure from 95% vacuum. High quality screw...
Maximator Fluid Technologies Co., Ltd.
70+ people viewing
Last viewed: 10 minutes ago
Very Fast Response
The Additel 919A High Pressure Test Pump is a manual pressure pump designed to generate pressures from 95% vacuum to 2,000psi (14MPa). The long lev...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
100+ people viewing
Last viewed: 13 hours ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used to generate pressure during the testing, adjustment and calibration of mechanical and electronic pressure measur...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 22 hours ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used as pressure generators for testing, adjusting, and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure gauges. These ...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 52 minutes ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used as pressure generators for testing, adjusting, and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure gauges. These ...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
40+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Standard Response
■Application field Comparative test pumps serve as pressure generators for testing, adjusting and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure me...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used as pressure generators for testing, adjusting, and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure gauges. These ...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 18 hours ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used as pressure generators for testing, adjusting, and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure gauges. These ...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
40+ people viewing
Last viewed: 18 hours ago
Standard Response
■ Scope of use Test pumps are used as pressure generators for testing, adjusting, and calibrating mechanical and electronic pressure gauges. These ...
Bika Japan Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Standard Response
■Application field The CPP7000-X comparative test pump serves as a pressure generator for testing, adjusting and calibrating mechanical and electro...
ASADA CO., LTD.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 hour ago
■Features -The air release valve is located on the front and is easy to turn. - Handle that does not touch the pressure gauge even when moved up an...
ASADA CO., LTD.
50+ people viewing
■Features ・For pressure leakage tests after construction of water piping such as various water supplies, resin pipes for hot water supply, mechani...
ASADA CO., LTD.
50+ people viewing
Can be used both directly connected to water supply and with tank self-priming.
Fluke Calibration
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 2 hours ago
■Easily generate 21 MPa (3,000 psi) pressure anywhere, without worrying about liquid contamination and without the need for dangerous pressurized g...
