This section provides an overview for hypoxanthines as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 42 hypoxanthine manufacturers and their company rankings.
Table of Contents
Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine base that is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, adenosine, and guanosine, and although not a direct component of DNA or RNA, it functions as a precursor to adenine and guanine in vivo. It is also involved in the production of ATP and GTP, which play an important role in cellular energy metabolism.
In addition, it is often used as a growth factor in cell culture in medical and biological research. Abnormal hypoxanthine levels may also be used as a biomarker to help diagnose gout and tumors.
It can be produced by chemical or biological synthetic methods, but currently there are several challenges to large-scale industrial production.
Hypoxanthine is used primarily for research applications. For example, it is used in biological research to investigate cell growth and metabolism. It is also useful in studies of DNA and RNA structure and function, and in cell and tissue culture.
Hypoxanthine may be added to the culture medium to promote the growth of certain cell lines. An example is the culture of plasmodium falciparum, to which hypoxanthine is added for nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism.
In addition, it is sometimes used in pharmaceutical research and development to study interactions with target enzymes and receptors. For example, it is used to study xanthine oxidase in studies of gout and hyperuricemia, and enzymes that metabolize purine bases.
It is also used in the study of anti-cancer drugs to help develop drugs that inhibit cell growth. For example, purine analog anti-cancer drugs are expected to inhibit cancer cell growth by targeting hypoxanthine.
Hypoxanthine is one of the purine bases. Purine bases are components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and play an important role in the transmission of genetic information. Hypoxanthine is also a metabolic intermediate between adenine and guanine.
It is a colorless crystalline solid that is stable at room temperature. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, but somewhat soluble in slightly acidic and alkaline solutions. It is involved in redox reactions, whereby hypoxanthine is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to produce xanthine and further oxidation to produce uric acid.
It is biologically important and plays a role in energy metabolism and deamination reactions in cells, as well as a target for anticancer drugs.
Hypoxanthine is a member of the purine family and has a bicyclic structure consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring. Its molecular formula is C5H4N4O and its molecular weight is 136.112.
Hypoxanthine is a metabolic intermediate between adenine and guanine and is involved in energy metabolism and deamination reactions in cells. It may also form base pairs with thymine in RNA to act as a deaminated adenine. This property is used by enzymes involved in gene editing and repair.
Hypoxanthine can be produced using two main methods:
1. Chemical Synthesis
Several methods exist for the chemical synthesis of hypoxanthine. One of these methods uses guanine as a starting material.
Hypoxanthine can be synthesized by deamination of guanine with an appropriate oxidant, but the yield and purity of the product are problematic and it is not currently used industrially.
2. Biological Synthesis
Hypoxanthine is produced when inosinic acid (IMP) is oxidized by xanthine oxidase in the cellular metabolic pathway.
Using this process, hypoxanthine can be produced by culturing genetically modified escherichia coli or other bacteria and performing appropriate production. This method yields hypoxanthine of high purity, but its disadvantage is that it is expensive for large-scale production.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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MedKoo Biosciences, Inc. is an American manufacturer of biochemical reagents established in 2009 and based in Morrisville, North Carolina. Specializing in small molecule drugs for laboratory use, the company offers a wide range of products including apoptosis inducers, anticancer reagents, epigenetic modulators, and various pharmaceutical related chemicals. These have applications in various fields including microbiology, stem cell research, endocrinology, and epigenetics. MedKoo Biosciences also provides R&D services to client biotechnology, biomedical, and pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic institutions.
ChemScence, LLC., established in 2006, is an American manufacturer based in Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, specializing in building blocks and fine research chemicals. The company offers approximately 45,000 building blocks and intermediates, as well as thin layer chromatography, screening libraries, bioactive small molecules, and isotope compounds. ChemScence also provides dye and biochemical assay reagents, peptides, and natural products like glycosides, and steroids. Catering to a diverse clientele including universities, research institutions, as well as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, ChemScence extends its services to include custom chemistry solutions. Furthermore, the company offers technical expertise in the domain of new drug development.
AK Scientific, Inc. (AKS) is an American advanced intermediates and fine chemicals manufacturer that was established in Union City, California in 1997. The company’s product lineup includes chemical biocides, bioactives, inhibitors, and reagents. It also offers a range of products for use in life science applications, such as screening compounds, organoborons, and molecular fluorophores. These are extensively used in agrochemicals, biotech, pharmaceuticals, and nanotechnology. Aside from its products, AKS also offers international procurement and sourcing services to its clients, which include AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Spectrum Chemical MFG Corp. was founded in 1971, is headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and has facilities in Gardena, California. Spectrum is a fine chemical manufacturing company with an emphasis on USP, NF, FCC, BP, EP, JP, and ACS grade products, and is ISO 9001:2015 certified. Spectrum primarily serves the analytical, biopharmaceutical, food & beverage, personal care, and pharmaceutical chemicals industries. Spectrum has 4 product segments which are chemicals, equipment, supplies, and safety.
Cayman Chemical Company is a manufacturer of life science research products founded in 1979 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. They offer a diverse array of analytical standards, reagents, and other products for research in cancer, oxidative injury, epigenetics, neuroscience, inflammation, as well as metabolism, and other areas. The company supplies small molecules, biochemicals, assay kits, antibodies, and proteins to research scientists across academic, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical institutions. Cayman Chemical Company holds dual accreditations to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 17034:2016 by ANAB Accreditation Services.
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., established in 1991 and headquartered in Dallas, Texas, is an American manufacturer and supplier specializing in biological products for medical research. Initially providing antibodies to the research community, they expanded their offerings to include gene silencers like siRNA and shRNA (plasmid and lentiviral), targeting all known mouse and human genes. Over time, Santa Cruz Biotechnology provides over 175,000 research biochemicals under the brand ChemCruz, including protein-interacting inhibitors, substrates, and activators, tailored for studying protein functions. The company offers monoclonal primary antibodies, designed for various mammalian and non-mammalian protein targets, along with corresponding binding secondary antibodies.
J&K Scientific LLC, located in California, USA, has been a manufacturer and distributor of chemicals, reagents, and laboratory equipment since 1992. The company offers a comprehensive catalog of chemicals and reagents, including organic and inorganic chemicals, biochemicals, solvents, and specialty reagents. These products are essential for laboratory research, manufacturing processes, and analytical applications. The company also provides analytical instruments, balances, centrifuges, and various lab accessories. Its wide range of industries and sectors includes pharmaceuticals, chemical research, environmental analysis, and materials science.
GlpBio Technology, established in 2016 and headquartered in Montclair, California, is a supplier of life science products covering 20 popular research fields, including epigenetics, neuroscience, and cancer. Its product portfolio has over 20,000 life science reagents, including biochemicals, tag peptides, bioactive peptides, amino acids, and nature products. Its main clients include clinical diagnostic laboratories, government agencies, research institutes, universities, and pharmaceutical companies. The company regularly increases its products to meet the latest research needs and provides custom organic synthesis and analytical services.
Ambeed, established in 2015 and headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois, is a manufacturer and supplier of catalog products, including inhibitors, natural products, nucleotides, building blocks, and amino acids. The company mainly specializes in organoboron, metal catalysts, heterocyclic building blocks, and materials science-related products. Its catalog has more than 100,000 in-stock products, increasing monthly. As of 2019, the company’s R&D center had developed five product lines with over 600,000 products. The company provides pre-sale and after-sale services and works with distributors from several countries, including India, Pakistan, Egypt, Poland, and Brazil.
ALB Technology Limited, headquartered in Nevada, USA, is a manufacturer, supplier and distributor of reference standards, health ingredients, antibody drug conjugates, and special chemicals. Its product categories include reference standards with verified purity and structure, antibody drug conjugates, chemical reagents, sodium hyaluronate, and special chemicals, serving various industries like pharmaceutical, agrochemical, food, and feed additives. The compaany plays a significant role in providing essential materials for research and engineering applications globally.
Molekula Group, established in 2000, is a chemical manufacturer and distributor based in Darlington, United Kingdom, supported by additional offices and warehouses in Germany, Italy, China, and the United States. The company operates two British subsidiaries, namely Scafell Organics Ltd, which manufactures fine organic chemicals, and Sherman Chemicals Ltd, which provides custom solutions across industries. The company adheres to ISO 9001:2015 standards and offers a diverse range of over 4,500 products. Their product portfolio includes analytical reagents, biochemicals, building blocks, organic and inorganic chemicals, as well as research organics and inorganics.
LKT Laboratories, Inc., established in 1989 and based in St. Paul, Minnesota, is a biochemical supplier and manfuacturer primarily specializing on the synthesis, purification, and isolation of small molecules for research applications. Offering various products like protein kinase inhibitors, ion channel modulators, and activators, these substances are utilized for its biological activities, especially in cancer and neuroscience research. It serves the global research community by supplying the highest purity products for use in cell culture models, animal studies, or as reference materials or analytical standards.
Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., founded in 1982 and based in Toronto, Canada, is a manufacturer of biochemicals and is a subsidiary of LGC Standards. The ISO 9001-certified company has an extensive catalog of over 350,000 products, including metabolites, impurities, and natural products APIs, which are used in several applications like environmental analysis, forensic science, and medicinal R&D. The company supports the scientific community across more than 120 countries and has 19 production laboratories. In 2019, it was bought by LGC, which provides components to customers in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnostics, and food markets, among others.
Hefei Home Sunshine Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, established in 2013 and headquartered in Hefei City, China, is a manufacturer specializing in both standard and custom chemical synthesis. With manufacturing facilities in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Inner Mongolia, Home Sunshine Pharma offers a range of products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), intermediates, fine chemicals, coenzymes, and nucleotides. As an ISO 9001:2015 certified company, Home Sunshine Pharma serves research institutions, universities, and industries in Europe, America, and Southeast Asia with their chemical products.
Capot Chemical Co.,Ltd was established in 1996 and is a manufacturer of custom synthesis products based in Hanghzhou, P.R. China. The company manufactures various organics products such as boronic acids, unnatural amino acids, cross linkers, chiral building blocks, and heterocyclic compounds. The management of the company have obtained the ISO 9001:2015 standards certification for the safety management system. The company have participated in various exhibitions, such as Chemspec Europe in Basel and CPhI in Barcelona, Shanghai, Milan, and Philadelphia.
Apollo Scientific Ltd, a subsidiary of Japan’s Central Glass Europe Limited, is a research chemicals manufacturer and supplier founded in 1993 and headquartered in Bredbury, United Kingdom. Performing chemical syntheses in their Manchester-based laboratories, Apollo Scientific offers a selection of over 100,000 chemical products, from fluorinated compounds to non-fluorinated building blocks, for research and industry applications. Their life science products include antibiotics and buffers, as well as customized products for stem cell, molecular biology, and proteomics research. Additionally, Apollo Scientific offers spectroscopy products, such as consumables for infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry standards.
ALPHA CHEMICA, established in 1985, is an Indian manufacturer and supplier of laboratory reagents and fine chemicals, headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Their wide range of products includes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), analytical reagent/guaranteed reagent (AR/GR), laboratory reagents (LRs), and fine chemicals, catering to life science and other specialty research. During the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, ALPHA CHEMICA offered BactGO, a disinfectant solution with stabilized hydrogen peroxide using silver-based chemistry, and BaVi-X, a 75% alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
FujiFilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, founded in 1922 and headquartered in Osaka, Japan, is a manufacturer of laboratory chemicals, specialty chemicals, and clinical diagnostic reagents. The company has three business domains, namely laboratory chemicals, specialty chemicals, and clinical diagnostic reagents, and some of its products include biochemistry reagents, blood transfusion test drugs, battery materials, polymer-related materials, and general reagents. The products are useful in various fields, including electronic, cosmetic, polymeric, pharmaceutical, and medical care. It acquired Sibayagi Co. Ltd. in 2015 and provides custom manufacturing to meet customer requirements.
Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., founded in 1944 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a reagent manufacturer with overseas affiliates in other countries, including China, France, USA, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Its product portfolio includes analytical reagents, ionic liquids, Iodine compounds, ultra-pure chemicals, and water analysis kits. The company is also developing regenerative medicine and genetics reagents and has over 50,000 products. It has several certifications, including ISO 9001, acquired in 1994, making it the first Japanese company in the reagent industry. Other certifications are ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO/IEC 17025.
Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd., established in 1948 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a manufacturer of chemical reagents and chemical products, including commissioned synthesis of chemical products. Some of the products it makes include Sodium chloride solution, concentrated glycerin, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, and nitric acid. The chemical products have a wide range of applications and can be used in pathological examination, as food additives, for analysis, and in the pharmaceutical industry. All its plants, including its research institute, are ISO4001 and ISO9001 certified, while its Saitama and Ibaraki plants are equipped with buildings that comply with GMP.
Biosynth is a Swiss manufacturer of life science reagents established in 1966 and headquartered in Staad. The company sources and manufactures biochemical products such as carbohydrates, nucleosides, and enzyme substrates, as well as various peptides and biologics. They also operate as a contract manufacturer offering custom synthesis and manufacturing services for their clients in the pharmaceutical, diagnostic, food, and agrochemical sectors. Biosynth has regional sales offices and specialized facilities in Europe and North America, including in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States.
Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. is a Mumbai-based manufacturer and supplier of laboratory and fine chemicals, catering to industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, research, hospitals, and universities since its establishment in 1975. Their product range includes pH indicators, biological stains, HPLC solvents, high purity acids, and tetrazolium salts and derivatives. These products serve various applications like pH testing, cell and tissue staining, chemical separation, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The company has several certifications, such as ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 9001:2015.
TCI America (TCI) was founded in 1946 and is a worldwide manufacturer of specialty organic chemicals. The company produces organic laboratory chemicals as well as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional materials. TCI’s product segments include Chemistry, Life Science, Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry, and Custom & Bulk. For materials science, the company manufactures battery materials, nanocarbon materials, and magnetic materials. For life sciences, the company produces antibodies, reagents, and chemicals for cancer research. The company produces HLC, NMR, various chemicals, and resins and media for analytical chemistry.
R.C.V. srl, established in 1964 and based in Altavilla Vicentina, Veneto, Italy, is a manufacturer of switch mode power supplies and rectifiers for the plating industry. The company offers modular power supplies equipped with regulators to convert electrical power efficiently, plating rectifiers that regulate current flow during electroplating processes, and three-phase power supplies for 400V for precious metal plating. The company operates internationally, with partner distributors in the European Union and Asia.
bioWORLD is a manufacturer and supplier of a wide range of products for life science research. It is headquartered in Dublin,Ohio, and was established in 1993. The company's main products include molecular tools, molecular life sciences reagents, biologicals and pure proteins or enzymes, and lab supplies for bio-medical. Some of its popular products are lectins, glycomatrix, proteins and enzymes. bioWORLD also offers services such as custom training programs and needs assessment. Its products are used by several organizations, including hospitals, public health, commercial laboratories, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical.
Merck, started in 1668 and based in Darmstadt, Germany, is a supplier of solutions and services for research, development, and manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug therapies. The company serves the life science industry and has a broad portfolio of 300,000 products, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial microbiology, reagent, life science research, and water purification products. It is available in 66 countries, brings together six brands, and has several ISO certifications, including ISO 13485, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO 50001.
Biomol GmbH, founded in 1968 and headquartered in Heidelberg, Germany, is a manufacturer, supplier, and distributor of life science products for the biomedical research domain. The company's range of products includes primary antibodies that originate from different host species such as mouse, rabbit or goat, dyes and labeling reagents, qPCR gene family primers, as well as virus-based tools used to manipulate genetic material and study viral infections. These scientific resources find applications across various disciplines, including molecular biology, academic research of drug development, pharmaceutical development of antibodies, and clinical diagnostics of viral infections.
Nacalai Tesque Inc., founded in 1846 and headquartered in Kyoto, Japan, is a manufacturer of research chemicals, fine chemicals, diagnostics, and the related instruments. Some of its products include cytokines, nucleic acid electrophoresis, cell dissociation reagents, and sialic acid-related products, and it also offers custom and bulk service for bulk reagents and cell culture media. The company has more than 50 domestic distributors and several worldwide, including Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Europe, and Africa. It is ISO 9001 and ISO 9002 certified, while the Kyoto South brand and Tesque factory are ISO 14001 certified.
Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, established in 1879 and headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany, is a manufacturer, distributor, and supplier of laboratory equipment, life science products, and chemicals. Their extensive product range encompasses analytical instruments, biological safety cabinets, heating mantles, pH meters, centrifuges, thermometers, and various chemicals. Their products support and facilitate laboratory research, analysis, and experimentation across various industries such as pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental sectors. The company is certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2015 and DIN EN ISO 14001:2015.
Merck Millipore, founded in 1954 and headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany, is a manufacturer, distributor, and supplier of life science products and services. Their diverse range of products finds applications in research, development, and manufacturing of biotechnological and pharmaceutical drug therapies. Some of their offerings include filters for removing contaminants from liquids and gases, chromatography columns for separating and analyzing complex mixtures, reagents used in various laboratory assays, antibodies for detecting and quantifying specific molecules, and cell culture media for growing and maintaining cells in culture. Their products and services are utilized significantly in the advancement of life sciences and drug development.
BOC Sciences is headquartered in Shirley, New York as a brand of BOCSCI Inc. The company is a developer, manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of premium chemicals, emphasizing small molecule synthesis, biosynthesis, purification, and characterization used in academia, pharmaceuticals, biotech, CDMO, material sciences, and agriculture industries, supporting research and production. The company’s products include thousands of inhibitors, nucleotides, metabolites, and isotope-labeled products. The company offers custom synthesis and manufacturing, analytical services, antibody-drug conjugate development, and strain engineering and fermentation services.
ALADDIN is a manufacturer and supplier of research and development reagents that was established in Shanghai, China, in 2009. Its biochemical reagents are used in the life sciences, materials science, and chemistry fields. The company manufactures drug target ligands, antibodies, and proteins as well. It also supplies testing services and laboratory equipment for high-end users. It works in technological, biological, and scientific, research too. Its inventory is used in the biological science and analytical chemistry industries.
Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. was established in 1975 and is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company manufactures highly complex reagents and biochemicals for public and private customers across industries with over 5000 products in different grades and packing sizes across product segments. The company’s 6 product categories are General Laboratory Chemicals & Solvents, Biochemicals & Specialty Fine Chemicals, Animal Cell Culture, Nanotechnology Products, Dehydrated Culture Media & Media Kits, and Biolit™ range of DNA and Protein tools.
Founded in 1981, Central Drug House Ltd. serves the scientific community via manufacturing and marketing a library of over 9,000 products to laboratory fine chemicals and dehydrated culture media with emphasis on purity and service. Examples are acids & bases, adsorbents, disinfectants, indicator papers, oils, and solvents. CDH provides bio chemicals, research chemicals, laboratory reagents, various solvents, stains & indicators, and dehydrated culture media. CDH is ISO 9001 certified and CDHs’ products are in compliance with specifications of IP, BP, USP, and EP standards.
BioCrick Co., Ltd is located in Chengdu Tianfu Life Science Park in Sichuan Province, China. The company creates a natural product library which provides small molecular compounds with potential biological and pharmacological activities for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnology companies worldwide. The company’s database includes more than 8,000 compounds collected from natural sources such as as medicinal plants, herbs, fungus, and microbes. The company also a provider of peptides and lab reagents for biological research, carrying a product line in apoptosis, epigenetic, and cancer biology.
Founded in Mumbai, India in 2006, Otto Chemie Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2015 & GMP certified chemical manufacturing company and distributor. Otto Chemie serves customers in many industries including agriculture and food processing, pharmaceuticals, oil & gas, cement, as well as educational and R&D industries. Product offerings include antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins, detergents, ionic liquids, materials science compounds, labware, oil, metal & ceramic science compounds and tools, oils, reagents, solvents.
Chengdu Alfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., founded in 2016 and based in Chengdu, Sichuan, is a supplier of phytochemical reference standards for regulatory filing and quality testing. The company offers different services, such as phytochemical reference standards from MG to G, plant extracts, and Chinese herbal medicine compounds and supplies to research institutes, universities, contract research organizations, and pharmaceutical and biotech companies worldwide. The company has around 3000 products in its inventory and does extraction, synthesis, and purification of chemicals.
Glentham Life Sciences is based in Corsham, United Kingdom. Glentham Life Sciences is a leading supplier of fine chemicals, raw materials, reagents, and life science products. Glenthem also offers a number of services including custom packaging, call-off orders, and safety documentation. Glentham’s product offerings include chemicals such as amino acids, antibiotics, APIs, biochemicals, buffers, carbohydrates, chitin, chitosan, detergents, dyes, stains, enzymes, inorganic, peptide reagents, phytochemical, raw materials, solvents, steroids, and vitamins among others.
Echemi Digital Technology Co. Ltd., started in 2015 and based in Hong Kong, China, is a supplier of chemical raw materials through its B2B digital commerce platform. The company sells products such as propylene carbonate, adipic acid, and oseltamivir phosphate and serves over 100,000 buyers and over 20,000 suppliers in more than 190 countries worldwide. It also provides price and market analysis of over 500 raw materials per week in the areas of coatings, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It also covers food and nutrition and was ranked 55th in the 2022 ICIS top 100 chemical distributors.
Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
---|---|---|
United States of America | 12 | 36.4% |
India | 5 | 15.2% |
Japan | 5 | 15.2% |
China | 4 | 12.1% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 6.1% |
Germany | 2 | 6.1% |
Canada | 1 | 3.0% |
Switzerland | 1 | 3.0% |
Spain | 1 | 3.0% |