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This section provides an overview for thermal cycle test chamber as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 67 thermal cycle test chamber manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked thermal cycle test chamber companies as of December, 2024: 1.Tescor Inc., 2.Maxim Instruments Corp., 3.Bemco Inc.
Table of Contents
Thermal shock testers are used to evaluate the resistance of electrical products to temperature changes in the environment in which they are used.
In the cold/heat shock test, a high-temperature and low-temperature environment is repeatedly and alternately created for a short period on the product to be evaluated, and the effect of the temperature change on the specimen is observed and evaluated to see if there are any problems. This test is often performed on automotive electronics products, such as audio and navigation systems in automobiles, and control motors in hybrid and electric vehicles.
Thermal shock testers are mainly used in the evaluation of electronic products to verify their reliability. Among electronic device components, environmental resistance performance of soldered parts and plastic parts of various connectors are evaluated.
In addition, thermal shock testers are used for durability evaluations and failure reproduction tests as shown below.
Thermal shock testers are generally constructed in a three-layer structure with a high-temperature chamber above the test area, which serves as the test chamber, and a low-temperature chamber below. There are partitions called dampers that can be opened and closed between the test area and the high-temperature chamber, between the test chamber and the low-temperature chamber, and between the test chamber and the outside of the main unit.
When the test area is heated to a high temperature, the damper in the high-temperature chamber is opened and the damper in the low-temperature chamber is closed. In this state, air from the high-temperature tank is blown into the test area, enabling rapid heating of the test area. When cooling all at once, close the damper of the high-temperature chamber and release the damper of the low-temperature chamber, and then blow air from the low-temperature chamber into the test chamber.
When the test area is brought to room temperature, the dampers in both the high and low temperature chambers are closed and the damper between the test chamber and the outside air is released to bring the test area to room temperature. For testing electronic device components, it is also possible to conduct tests while the devices are energized.
The range of temperatures that can be set in thermal shock testers is approximately -70 to 200 degrees Celsius. In recent years, quality requirements for electronic components have been increasing, and some testers are capable of testing temperatures up to 300°C.
Thermal shock testing can be divided into a 2-zone test and a 3-zone test. 2-zone tests are performed under high and low temperature conditions, while 3-zone tests are performed under high and low temperature conditions plus room temperature conditions.
Normal temperature conditions are created by injecting air from outside the testing apparatus into the test chamber.
Materials used in products expand and contract as temperature changes. Parts made of different materials will experience stress due to the difference in properties. This repeated process can cause fatigue to accumulate inside the product, resulting in cracks and fractures, which can break even with weaker-than-expected strength, splitting of joints, loosening of screws, and peeling of surface coatings.
Therefore, it is important to check the chronological order of expansion and contraction, along with the amount of load applied, to determine "where the load is applied that leads to breakage." Cold and thermal shock tests are used to evaluate product performance and reliability.
In particular, power semiconductor components used to control motors in hybrid and electric vehicles are subjected to large amounts of electricity under severe environmental changes. Cold and thermal shock testing is essential to ensure that these electronic components do not malfunction in the marketplace.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Tescor, founded in the United States in 1991, is a manufacturer that provides specialty climatic testing and control systems to the automotive, HVAC, pharmaceutical, and life sciences industries. It offers a wide range of products, including environmental chambers, standard climatic chambers, wind tunnels, and dynamometers, as well as engineering services, maintenance, support, and biostorage solutions. The company's products and services are designed to meet quality standards such as ASHRAE, ARI, AHAM, IEC or JIS, and ISO standards.
Russells Technical Products, founded in 1972 with headquarters in India, is a manufacturer of environmental test chambers and systems. The company's product line includes pre-engineered temperature and humidity chambers, thermal shock chambers, dynamometer chambers, environmental rooms, and industrial cryogenic freezers. Russells Technical's test chambers are found in various industries, including defense, automotive, aviation, renewable energy, and biotechnology. Russells Technical Products also provides custom test chamber design, engineering, and production to meet client needs.
Weiss Technik North America Inc., established in 1979 and headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan, is a manufacturer of environmental chambers for different conditions such as humidity, temperature, and vibration. It stocks products like heat technology production ovens, thermal shock, and drive-in test chambers used in several industries, including aerospace, automotive, and defense. The company also provides software for programming, control, and monitoring of testing. It is ISO 9001 certified and a member of the Weiss Technik group, which is a division of the Schunk Group. It is also an ISO/IEC 17025-2005 Edition (A2LA) accredited calibration facility.
Cincinnati Sub-Zero (CSZ), founded in 1940 with headquarters in the USA, is a manufacturer of static environmental testing chambers. The company's products include benchtop, reach-in, walk-in, and drive-in test chambers and industrial freezers. Cincinnati Sub-Zero (CSZ) offers services that include test chamber maintenance programs, upgrades, refrigeration retrofits, calibration, training, replacement parts, and repair across the USA. Their test laboratory is A2LA accredited and provides environmental testing services including temperature, humidity, vibration and shock, thermal shock, HALT and HASS, altitude, drop testing, and corrosion testing.
Axiom Test Equipment (ATE) is an American ISO 17025 certified distributor of electronic test and measurement equipment established in 2005 and based in Vista, California. The company offers various types of test equipment including oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and signal generators, as well as equipment for measuring environmental factors like humidity. ATE also offers additional repair, calibration, and buyback services to its clients including Lockheed Martin, the Ford Motor Company, and Medtronic.
Maxim Instruments Corp., founded in the United States, is a supplier of Electronic Test and Measurement Equipment. The company's product portfolio includes a diverse array of instruments, including oscilloscopes, signal generators, spectrum analyzers, multimeters, and more, tailored to address the specific testing and measurement needs of various industries. Its products are used in R&D, quality control, and manufacturing processes with precise electronic testing and measurement capabilities. It also offers services such as expert guidance, product consultation, and customer support.
Thermotron, founded in Holland, Michigan, in 1962 is a supplier of environmental test equipment. The company's product portfolio includes environmental test chambers, vibration test systems, combined environment test facilities, environmental stress screening systems, and functional test & measurement systems. The company serves markets including Medical and Healthcare, Aerospace and Defense, Consumer Goods, Industrial Manufacturing and Construction and Building. They provide services including system start-up and on-site training, equipment repair, instrumentation system upgrades, preventive maintenance, and warranty.
TENNEY/LUNAIRE, founded in the United States, is a supplier of environmental testing chambers and rooms. The company's product portfolio includes Temperature and Humidity Chambers, Thermal Shock Chambers, Salt Spray Chambers, Solar Radiation Chambers, and Altitude Chambers. It also provides Installation and Commissioning Services, Preventive Maintenance Programs, Repairs, and Calibration System Upgrades and Retrofitting. It serves markets such as Automotive and Transportation, Aerospace and Defense Electronics and Semiconductors, and Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences.
Xi'an LIB Environmental Simulation Industry, a Chinese manufacturer and exporter, specializes in climatic test chambers. With a decade of experience, it has been delivering products globally since 2009. Its portfolio includes temperature and climate test chambers, corrosion chambers, weathering testers, and more. Serving industries, laboratories, and research institutions worldwide, the company is active in markets across the USA, Canada, Brazil, and beyond. Notable clients such as Intel and IBM rely on its test chambers for research, testing, and calibration purposes.
Gester International Co.,Ltd., was established in 1997 and is based in Quanzhou, Fujian, China as manufacturer and supplier of various testing equipments. The company's product portofolio includes Textile Testing Equipment, Footwear Testing Equipment, Leather Testing Equipment, Yarn/Fiber testing equipment, and Toy Testing Equipment, used in industries such as toy, textile, shoe and furniture manufacturing to improve the product quality. Their products are compliant with both domestic and international industry standards such as ISO, ASTM, DIN, EN, and BS. The company also provides aftermarket service for testing equipment products including Installation and Training, Equipment Maintenance, Product Calibration, and Product Certification.
Climats – Technopole, a subsidiary of the Schunk Group, established in 1974 and headquartered in Gironde, France, is a manufacturer of technical test chambers. The company's product line includes temperature environmental test chambers, thermal shock chambers, vibration and temperature test chambers, and more. Its expertise caters to various industries, such as aerospace, electronics, and renewable energies. The company also offers customized solutions, addressing specific requirements such as materials testing, secure chambers for oils, and thermal vacuum chambers for space simulation.
Haida International Equipment was founded in 2004 as a manufacturer and supplier of Testing Equipment in China. The company deals in various precision testing instruments, machines, and services such as Batteries, Furniture, Textiles, Leather and Shoes, and Rubber and Plastic test equipment. There is also Adhesive tape, Cookware, Luggage, Optical, and Vibration test equipment along with Accelerated Environment Test Chamber (AES) that executes QC inspection on electronic appliances, paper products, metals, research institutes, and lots more. The other testing machines cater to industrial and mining enterprises, colleges and universities, engineering quality supervision stations, and other departments.
Qingdao Innova Bio-meditech Co., Ltd., founded in China in 2023, is a manufacturer and global provider of laboratory and medical devices. The company offers a wide range of products, including liquid nitrogen tanks, handheld mineral analyzers, handheld gold analyzers, handheld alloy analyzers, and vibratory ball mills. It also provides services such as after-sales service and support for clients in the fields of biology projects, life sciences, the pharmacy industry, and medical treatment.
Dongguan Liyi Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2008 and is headquartered in Guangdong, China, as a developer, manufacturer, and marketer of all kinds of environmental equipment. It is a business engrossed in production and supported by high technology. It specializes in developing, manufacturing, and marketing various types of environmental equipment. The organization possesses cutting-edge technology, a team of skilled technical managers, and efficient professional service workers. Additionally, it demonstrates a solid obligation for quality management and maintains a comprehensive after-sales support system.
Aimil Limited stands as a manufacturer and supplier of instrumentation products and services, headquartered in New Delhi, India. Its extensive product line serves various industries and comprises concrete testing equipment such as meters, and absorption test apparatus; hydraulic equipment, vital for power control in hydraulic systems; and medical equipment for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Its specialized offerings find utility in construction, manufacturing, laboratories, and power and chemical plants, making it a pivotal player in delivering tailored instrumentation solutions.
Accumax is a manufacturer and supplier of laboratory equipment and instruments based in India. Founded in 1995, the company offers a wide range of products serving various industries, including Food & Beverage, Automobile, Pharmaceutical, Research Institutions, and Universities. Its product line includes high-temperature ovens, humidity chambers, autoclaves, freeze dryers, water distillation units, and more. The company's instruments are CE certified and its manufacturing facility is ISO9001:2015 certified. Additionally, the company provides after-sale services, cost-effective solutions, and customization options to meet its client's needs.
XIAMEN TOB NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Co., LTD., established in 2012, is a manufacturer based in Xiamen, China, specializing in equipment and materials for lithium-ion batteries. The company offers lithium-ion battery and lithium-ion supercapacitor materials, production and testing equipment. Other offerings include battery mixers, battery winding, sealing, and crimping machines as well as electrode coating, slitting, and staking machines. TOB NEW ENERGY serves various industries, including electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and portable electronics. They have designed over 200 lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor production lines for companies and research institutions like Mercedes-Benz AG, Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) AG, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Dongguan Huanrui Environmental Test Equipment Co.,Ltd., founded in China in 2001, is a manufacturer of environmental equipment. The company's main products include temperature and humidity test cabinets, thermal shock test chambers, salt spray test chambers, and more.It also provides a team of engineering designers and a production workshop equipped with advanced machining equipment, high-precision laser cutting machines, Japan AMADA CNC bending machines, and other sheet metal processing equipment, as well as being ISO 9001:2015 certified.
DACTEC Ltd, established in 2008, is a manufacturer of test chambers and ovens in Cabinteely, Dublin, Ireland. The company creates stress test chambers, explosion-proof ovens, plant growth chambers, industrial heating ovens, and low-temperature chambers. It also produces salt spray test chambers, containment solutions, mobile climate containers, safety workbenches, and hot air sterilizers used in industrial, laboratories, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries. The company offers services such as calibration, spare parts, installations, consumables, and validation.
Guangdong Sanwood Technology Co., Ltd was founded in 1995 and is a manufacturer of climatic test chamber technologies for electronic components, household appliances, information technology, digital consumer electronics and new energy industries. The company makes equipment such as thermal shock chambers, vibration testers, drying ovens, ozone ageing test chambers and incubators series that are exported to the United States, Netherlands, Switzerland and Thailand. Besides winning the National High Technology Enterprise award, it is also ISO14001:2015 and ISO9001:2015 certified.
Guangdong Yuanyao Test Equipment Co., Ltd. was founded in 2009 and is based in Dongguan, Guangdong, China, as a manufacturer of temperature and humidity test chambers. The company's product list includes temperature humidity chambers, thermal shock chambers, industrial ovens, and IP test chambers. These products are utilized for comprehensive testing in industries including aerospace, electronics, materials, and component testing, effectively simulating various environmental conditions and vibrations to assess performance and reliability. The company caters to the electronics, automotive, aerospace, pharmaceutical, and communication sectors.
ESPEC CORP., founded in 1947 and based in Osaka, Japan, is a manufacturer of environmental test chambers, listed as one of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)'s Global Niche Top Companies Selection 100 in 2020. These chambers are designed to test the impact of temperature and humidity, rapid-rate thermal cycling, and thermal shock on materials and products. Additionally, the company offers Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) and Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) systems to detect potential product weak links throughout their lifespans. These products find applications in various industries, including automotive, indoor farming, and digital communication technology.
Lisun Instruments Ltd. is based in Shanghai, China, and is a manufacturer of lighting and electrical test instruments that was founded as a subsidiary of LISUN GROUP in 2003. The company designs and produces instruments used to test light and electrical factors in various environments. These include salt spray test chambers, devices for testing electromagnetic compatibility or immunity, and spectroradiometers for measuring the colorimetric parameters of light sources. The company serves a wide range of clients including mobile network operators, lighting device designers, and home appliance manufacturers.
Yatherm Scientific, established in 1983 and based in Noida, India, is a manufacturer of equipment for hospitals, colleges, laboratory, pharmaceutical, and public sectors. The company operates in the B2B space in the Life Sciences industry. Its product range includes pharmaceutical instruments, testing equipment, cooling and heating equipment, clean room equipment, shakers, meters, test chambers, leak test apparatus and more. Its manufacturing unit has high-tech machinery like a Laser CNC machine for cutting & bending GI and SS sheets. The company has a network of dealers in Canada, South Africa, and the Southern part of India.
Grande Automatic Test Equipment Limited, located in Dongguan, Guangdong, and established in 2016, is a manufacturer, supplier, and researcher of test equipment applied in the navigation, medical, electronic, military, and telecommunication industries. The products are industrial ovens, mechanical testers, vacuum coating machines, battery test equipment, and ultra-cold storage freezers. Test chambers for formaldehyde, vibration & shock test equipment, and chillers are produced. The company offers a warranty of 2 annum for the products and installation, training, and debugging services. It has earned the ISO 14001:2015, CE, ISO 45001:2018, SGS, and ISO 9001:2015 certifications.
ENVISYS, founded in India, is a manufacturer of environmental test chambers. The company's product portfolio includes temperature chambers, humidity chambers, altitude chambers, and thermal shock chambers that are used to meet or exceed industry testing standards. It provides expert installation, training, and ongoing support to ensure that clients maximize the utility of our chambers. The company serves industries such as Electronics, Automotive, Defence, and Aerospace, and its products are widely used in research and development facilities to test and validate products across various industries.
Dongguan Hongjin Test Instrument Co., Ltd. was established in 2007 and is based in Guangdong, China, as a manufacturer of test equipment. It specializes in manufacturing temperature humidity chambers, thermal shock test chambers, industrial ovens, tensile testing machines, and electronic switch test machines. The company is CE-certified and obtained ISO 9001 and IATF 16949 certifications. Its manufactured products are in compliance with HACCP, EICC, and ASME standards. It caters to manufacturing, automotive, electronics, and construction industries across several regions, such as Europe, America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Angelantoni Test Technologies, established in 1952 and headquartered in Umbria, Italy, is a manufacturer of chambers for simulated environmental tests. The company's products include chambers for temperature and humidity, thermal shock, and air conditioning units. It provides calorimeters for measuring heat release in products, battery test chambers for assessing battery performance, and solar test chambers for evaluating solar panel efficiency. The company also offers mykratos and winkratos software solutions for chamber control and supervision. Its ACS chambers find applications in electronics, aerospace, and testing laboratories industries and provide corrective maintenance, installation, and remote assistance through the myangel24 platform.
Johnson Controls-Hitachi Air Conditioning, established in 2015 and headquartered in Tokyo, Kantō, Japan, is a manufacturer and supplier of premium cooling and heating solutions. The company's product range includes residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning, VRF systems, large-tonnage chillers, and compressors. These products address various residential and commercial needs, ensuring optimal temperature control and comfort. They are extensively used in the mechanical and industrial engineering sectors. Additionally, the company offers services such as commercial AC, dehumidifiers, and environmental testing.
Associated Environmental Systems, founded in 1959 with headquarters in the USA, is a manufacturer of testing chambers, assemblies, and components. The company's product line includes benchtop temperature testing chambers, liquid-cooled ovens, laboratory ovens, and environmental walk-in test chambers. Associated Environmental Systems' products are used by laboratories and manufacturers that need to test or store materials or products in a constant environment. The company's steady-state chambers are configured to meet governmental regulations and test requirements in industries such as electronics, healthcare, food and beverage, packaging, life science, and more.
INDEECON EQUIPMENTS & INSTRUMENTS COMPANY is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company located in Maharashtra, India, and founded in 1999. The company is manufacturer and supplier of scientific and laboratory equipment and environmental test chambers. It manufactures calibration equipment, humidity chambers, BOD incubators, blackbody furnaces, thermal shock chambers and other laboratory equipment and test chambers. It provides quality assurance and ensures laboratory safety by minimizing individual risk. The company makes use of quality raw materials and all products are tested before supply.
Wewon Environmental Chambers Co. Ltd is a Chinese-based manufacturer and supplier of electronic and cooling technologies, established in 1999 and located in the Sangyuan Industrial Park, Dongguan, Guangdong. Its product portfolio comprises environmental chambers, accelerating weather testers, tensile testing machines, rain test chambers, and laboratory ovens used by automotive, and mobile phone manufacturing. The company is accredited with ISO 9001: 2008 certification and its products have passed the CCC Safety Certification, the FCC, the European Union’s CE, and the RoHS certification. In addition to standard production, the company also offers OEM/ODM manufacturing services according to the customer's design and logo.
CM Envirosystems was established in 1981 and is headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, and, is a manufacturer and supplier of environmental Ttst chambers for various industries. The company's product folio includes climatic chambers, corrosion test chambers, thermal shock chambers, benchtop chambers, and, altitude chambers which are used to simulate real environmental conditions such as such as temperature, rain, dust, humidity, and, pressure. The company specializes in environmental simulation testing technology and its products are essential in the automobile, electronics, robotics, defense, and aerospace industries.
ELECTRO-METERS COMPANY LIMITED established in 1963 is a supplier of electrical measuring instruments, meters, indicators, transformers, and controllers based in Pickering, Ontario, Canada. Specializing in electrical and electronic equipment, its product ranges from a comprehensive array of measurement tools, data loggers, and laboratory instruments. The company plays a pivotal role in providing pioneering solutions for industries such as electronics, telecommunications, and manufacturing. With a legacy of over half a century, it remains loyal to delivering dependable and accurate measurement technology, supporting revolution and progress across various sectors.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tescor Inc. |
8.0%
|
| 2 | Maxim Instruments Corp. |
6.0%
|
| 3 | Bemco Inc |
4.0%
|
| 4 | WEISS TECHNIK NORTH AMERICA, INC. |
4.0%
|
| 5 | ARALAB |
4.0%
|
| 6 | TENNEY/LUNAIRE |
4.0%
|
| 7 | ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS |
4.0%
|
| 8 | Aimil |
4.0%
|
| 9 | Thermotron |
4.0%
|
| 10 | ESPEC Europe GmbH |
2.0%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the thermal cycle test chamber page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
China
|
23 | 42.6% |
|
India
|
15 | 27.8% |
|
United States of America
|
9 | 16.7% |
|
France
|
1 | 1.9% |
|
Ireland
|
1 | 1.9% |
|
Japan
|
1 | 1.9% |
Germany
|
1 | 1.9% |
Malaysia
|
1 | 1.9% |
Portugal
|
1 | 1.9% |
|
Canada
|
1 | 1.9% |
40 products found
40 products
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
760+ people viewing
Last viewed: 12 hours ago
Standard Response
Environmental test devices used in other fields such as semiconductors, electronic components, bios, etc. are required to be more functional for mo...
5 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
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Last viewed: 20 hours ago
Standard Response
■ With caster level adjuster Equipped with caster level adjuster for installing equipment movement. ■ Available for air -cooled specifications can...
9 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
300+ people viewing
Last viewed: 17 hours ago
Standard Response
Various functions to improve usability standard equipment ■ End condition setting You can select the terminal end conditions after the temperature...
2 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
200+ people viewing
Last viewed: 15 hours ago
Standard Response
■ MIL standard test The device has a built -in temperature cycle test compatible with the MIL standard test. If you specify the pattern number, it ...
Irie Co., Ltd.
50+ people viewing
Last viewed: 48 minutes ago
Standard Response
4.5 Company Review
■Summary This is a heat shock thermal shock test device that fixes the constant test chamber and moves it between a cold room and a high temperatur...
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
890+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 hour ago
Standard Response
■ High -performance series adopting inverter control Inverter control has been adopted to improve energy saving. In addition, the use of 100 -cycle...
10 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
370+ people viewing
Last viewed: 14 hours ago
Standard Response
■ New function: USB memory storage function You can save trend graph data to USB memory. This is a function to save the data (measured temperature)...
2 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
360+ people viewing
Last viewed: 19 hours ago
Standard Response
The sample is alternately immersed in the hot and low -temperature thermal media solution. The thermal media is a thermal media, so you can make a ...
2 models listed
Satake Martimics Co., Ltd.
270+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Standard Response
■ Return to temperature within 10 minutes At a high temperature test temperature of 250 ° C, the temperature returned from room temperature to high...
2 models listed
Yoshikawa Seisakusho
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Fast Response
Thermal Shock ETS series is used in a wide range of fields including 5G communication devices, semiconductors, chips, sensors, and microelectronics...
Yoshikawa Seisakusho
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Fast Response
Thermal Shock ETS series is used in a wide range of fields including 5G communication devices, semiconductors, chips, sensors, and microelectronics...
Futaba Science Co., Ltd.
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 13 hours ago
This is a type in which the sample cart moves up and down in a low temperature room and a high temperature room. The vertical design requires less ...
Mysec Co., Ltd.
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 1 day ago
Standard Response
New series with excellent energy saving performance, temperature change performance, and continuous operation function
ESPEC CORP.
60+ people viewing
Last viewed: 2 hours ago
■Thermal shock device with a stationary sample that uses a damper to switch between low and high temperatures in the same tank. ・Thermal shock dev...
Kato Co., Ltd.
20+ people viewing
Last viewed: 4 hours ago
A cooling and heating cycle tester that compactly combines rapid temperature rise and fall performance. High performance and compact. More advanced...
