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This section provides an overview for adamantane as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 10 adamantane manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked adamantane companies as of December, 2024: 1.HAZMAT Resource, Inc., 2.Anward, 3.SynZeal Research Pvt Ltd.
Table of Contents
Adamantane is a cage-shaped organic compound formed from three chair-shaped cyclohexanes.
In nature, it is a stable compound found in trace amounts in petroleum. Its name is derived from the Greek word "adamas," meaning diamond.
Adamantane is very stable and free from distortion because it is composed of chair-shaped cyclohexane.
| Chemical formula | C10H16 |
| English name | Adamantane |
| Molecular weight | 136.23 |
Adamantane is a very stable chemical substance and is used for stabilization purposes by combining with unstable chemical species. It is characterized by excellent heat resistance, fat solubility, sublimation resistance, moisture resistance, high refractive index, and chemical resistance.
Adamantane derivatives can be used as photoresists for semiconductor manufacturing in the electronics field and as raw materials in the pharmaceutical field. For example, 1-aminoadamantane is commercially available as an antiviral agent. In addition, 1-adamantyl methacrylate derivative has been put to practical use as a monomer for photoresists in semiconductor manufacturing.
Adamantane is a colorless, transparent crystal that sublimates and has a camphor-like odor. Its melting point is 518°F (270°C), very high among hydrocarbons. It is virtually insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
Adamantane and its derivatives undergo ionic reactions with carbocations as intermediates. For example, the reaction of antimony pentafluoride with 1-fluoro adamantane gives adamantyl ions, which are more stable than the usual tertiary ions and other carbocation.
The chemical formula of adamantane is C10H16, its molecular weight is 136.23, and its density at 20°C is 1.08 g/cm3. The numerical value of the molecular structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography and electron diffraction. For example, the carbon-carbon bond length (C-C) is 154 pm, approximately equal to that of a diamond. The carbon-hydrogen bond length (C-H) is 111.2 pm.
The bond angle of each carbon is close to 109.5°, which is the natural angle of sp3 carbon, and the structure of adamantane is strain-free. The crystal structure of adamantane is usually a face-centered cubic lattice. The unit lattice contains four molecules, and the molecules are oriented in various directions in the crystal.
When cooled to 208 K or pressurized to 0.5 gigapascals, it assumes a body-centered square lattice structure of two molecules in the unit lattice.
Adamantane was first synthesized by Vladimir Prelog in 1941. It was a complex five-step synthesis from the starting material Meerwein's ester, with a total yield of about 0.16%. Subsequent improvements to the synthetic method have resulted in a total yield of 6.5%.
In 1957, Paul von Ragué Schleyer accidentally discovered a simple method for the synthesis of adamantane. First, dicyclopentadiene is hydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst such as a platinum oxide to obtain tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.
Then, when heated with a Lewis acid such as aluminum chloride, the hydride is withdrawn and the resulting carbocation is successively rearranged. Finally, a stable adamantane skeleton can be produced.
Initial yields were 30-40%, but have since increased to 60%. It is also an efficient method of supplying adamantane, and the process is still used in laboratories today.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., established in 1991 and headquartered in Dallas, Texas, is an American manufacturer and supplier specializing in biological products for medical research. Initially providing antibodies to the research community, they expanded their offerings to include gene silencers like siRNA and shRNA (plasmid and lentiviral), targeting all known mouse and human genes. Over time, Santa Cruz Biotechnology provides over 175,000 research biochemicals under the brand ChemCruz, including protein-interacting inhibitors, substrates, and activators, tailored for studying protein functions. The company offers monoclonal primary antibodies, designed for various mammalian and non-mammalian protein targets, along with corresponding binding secondary antibodies.
Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., founded in 1982 and based in Toronto, Canada, is a manufacturer of biochemicals and is a subsidiary of LGC Standards. The ISO 9001-certified company has an extensive catalog of over 350,000 products, including metabolites, impurities, and natural products APIs, which are used in several applications like environmental analysis, forensic science, and medicinal R&D. The company supports the scientific community across more than 120 countries and has 19 production laboratories. In 2019, it was bought by LGC, which provides components to customers in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnostics, and food markets, among others.
TCI America (TCI) was founded in 1946 and is a worldwide manufacturer of specialty organic chemicals. The company produces organic laboratory chemicals as well as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional materials. TCI’s product segments include Chemistry, Life Science, Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry, and Custom & Bulk. For materials science, the company manufactures battery materials, nanocarbon materials, and magnetic materials. For life sciences, the company produces antibodies, reagents, and chemicals for cancer research. The company produces HLC, NMR, various chemicals, and resins and media for analytical chemistry.
Merck, started in 1668 and based in Darmstadt, Germany, is a supplier of solutions and services for research, development, and manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug therapies. The company serves the life science industry and has a broad portfolio of 300,000 products, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial microbiology, reagent, life science research, and water purification products. It is available in 66 countries, brings together six brands, and has several ISO certifications, including ISO 13485, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO 50001.
BLDpharm was founded in 2014 and headquartered in Shanghai, China is a manufacturer and supplier of various research chemicals. The company offers a wide range of laboratory chemicals including heterocycles, boron acids, amino acids, metal catalysts, and chiral compounds. These quality products find an array of applications as inhibitors for metabolic enzymes, pharmaceutical intermediates for antipsychotic drugs, catalysts for chiral resolving reagents, and material science for OLED material and synthesis intermediates.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
Alfa Aesar is based in Lancashire, United Kingdom. Alfa Aesar is part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, is a manufacturer and supplier of chemicals, metals, and life science products for research and development. Alfa Aesar’s product lines include chemicals, life science, materials & metals, catalysts, and analytical & lab ware. Chemical offerings include inorganic compounds, organic compounds, organometallic, and solvents. Life sciences include biotechnology products, cellular & molecular biology, genomics, and immunology. Materials & metal include alloys, carbon, etchants, and more. Catalysts include ferrocenes, fuel cell products, and precious metals & catalysts. Alfa Aesar also offers custom manufacturing options.
SynZeal Research Pvt Ltd, established in 2010 and headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, is a manufacturer and supplier of pharmaceutical reference standards and research chemicals. The company specializes in producing pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial reference standards, drug glucuronides, drug metabolites, isotope-labeled reference standards, and compound libraries, catering to diverse industries and research institutions. It holds ISO 9001-2008 certification and was acknowledged by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) for its R&D capabilities.
HAZMAT Resource, Inc., located in Irvine, California, USA, is a distributor of hazardous materials response equipment and materials. They specialize in personal protective equipment (PPE), testing devices, and technical reference materials for hazardous materials (hazmat) response. Their product range includes PPE such as suits, gloves, boots, and respirators to safeguard hazmat responders from dangerous substances. They offer various testing devices like meters, detectors, and kits for precise identification and measurement of hazardous materials. Additionally, the company provides technical reference materials like books, manuals, and software, equipping responders with essential knowledge on hazardous material properties and safe handling procedures.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | HAZMAT Resource, Inc. |
23.3%
|
| 2 | Anward |
13.3%
|
| 3 | SynZeal Research Pvt Ltd |
13.3%
|
| 4 | Toronto Research Chemicals |
13.3%
|
| 5 | BLDpharm |
10.0%
|
| 6 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. |
6.7%
|
| 7 | Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific. |
6.7%
|
| 8 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. |
6.7%
|
| 9 | MilliporeSigma |
6.7%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the adamantane page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
United States of America
|
1 | 20.0% |
|
Canada
|
1 | 20.0% |
|
Japan
|
1 | 20.0% |
|
United Kingdom
|
1 | 20.0% |
|
India
|
1 | 20.0% |
