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This section provides an overview for sodium dihydrogen phosphate as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 45 sodium dihydrogen phosphate manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked sodium dihydrogen phosphate companies as of December, 2024: 1.Aarti Phosphates, 2.Vishnupriya Chemicals, 3.Akash Purochem Private Limited.
Table of Contents
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, also known as monosodium phosphate, monosodium monophosphate, or monosodium soda, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaH2PO4. It exists in several forms, including anhydrous, monohydrate, and dihydrate.
This compound finds extensive use in the food industry as a food additive, and in applications such as baking powder, emulsifiers, meat binders, buffers, pH adjusters, detergents, canning agents, in cell culture, and as a dyeing aid. Additionally, it serves as a laboratory pH buffer due to its solubility and buffering capability in water. In medicine, it is prescribed to increase blood phosphorus levels and is used in a laxative mixture with sodium bicarbonate.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate appears as a white crystal or powder and is hygroscopic. It has a molecular weight of 119.98, a density of 2.36 g/mL for the anhydrous form, and a solubility of 59.90 g/100 mL in water at 0°C. The pH of a 0.2 mol/L aqueous solution is between 4.2 and 4.7 at 25°C. It is almost insoluble in ethanol.
Available as both a research reagent and an industrial chemical, it comes in various forms and volumes to suit different applications, including anhydrous, monohydrate, and dihydrate.
These products are available in forms such as anhydrous, monohydrate, and dihydrate, with volumes ranging from 25g to 500g, depending on the manufacturer. They can be stored at room temperature.
As an industrial chemical, it is sold in forms like anhydrous and dihydrate, primarily used as a food additive and in general industrial applications, typically in larger volumes like 25 kg.
It is commonly produced by the partial neutralization of phosphoric acid using sodium hydroxide.
Upon heating to 169 ºC, it decomposes to disodium dihydrogen phosphate and water. At 550 ºC, it further decomposes to sodium trimetaphosphate and water. It is stable under normal conditions but hygroscopic, requiring storage away from heat, sunlight, and moisture.
Classified as a Class 2B irritant by the GHS for serious eye damage/irritation, handling precautions include wearing personal protective equipment and avoiding contact with skin and eyes. It is not regulated by major industrial and safety laws but requires careful handling and storage.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Spectrum Chemical MFG Corp. was founded in 1971, is headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and has facilities in Gardena, California. Spectrum is a fine chemical manufacturing company with an emphasis on USP, NF, FCC, BP, EP, JP, and ACS grade products, and is ISO 9001:2015 certified. Spectrum primarily serves the analytical, biopharmaceutical, food & beverage, personal care, and pharmaceutical chemicals industries. Spectrum has 4 product segments which are chemicals, equipment, supplies, and safety.
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., established in 1991 and headquartered in Dallas, Texas, is an American manufacturer and supplier specializing in biological products for medical research. Initially providing antibodies to the research community, they expanded their offerings to include gene silencers like siRNA and shRNA (plasmid and lentiviral), targeting all known mouse and human genes. Over time, Santa Cruz Biotechnology provides over 175,000 research biochemicals under the brand ChemCruz, including protein-interacting inhibitors, substrates, and activators, tailored for studying protein functions. The company offers monoclonal primary antibodies, designed for various mammalian and non-mammalian protein targets, along with corresponding binding secondary antibodies.
Molekula Group, established in 2000, is a chemical manufacturer and distributor based in Darlington, United Kingdom, supported by additional offices and warehouses in Germany, Italy, China, and the United States. The company operates two British subsidiaries, namely Scafell Organics Ltd, which manufactures fine organic chemicals, and Sherman Chemicals Ltd, which provides custom solutions across industries. The company adheres to ISO 9001:2015 standards and offers a diverse range of over 4,500 products. Their product portfolio includes analytical reagents, biochemicals, building blocks, organic and inorganic chemicals, as well as research organics and inorganics.
Ereztech was founded in 2010 and headquartered in Johns Creek, Georgia with manufacturing in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin. Ereztech is a provider of organometallic precursor R&D and manufacturing services for global customers. Ereztech in ISO 9001:2015 certified. Ereztech offers over 1200 chemical compounds and materials including high purity silver sulfate and aluminum nitrate. In addition to these materials, Ereztech offers full-service production and packaging from synthesis samples to high-volume manufacturing quantities. This includes fully customized vessel cleaning procedures, detailed, custom workflow processes specific to each material and vessel, inventory management system, and beginning to end quality control.
Chempure Chemical is a chemical products supplier operating from Michigan, in the United States, established in 1943. The company specializes in providing chemicals for analytical, investigation and processes for various industries, and also offers a wide range of chemical products designed to meet the specific needs of its customers. It provides all companies, from small to medium, that are looking for chemical solutions such as solvents, salts, acids or other solutions. The company serves industries such as manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and research, delivering essential chemicals that meet strict standards.
Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., founded in 1982 and based in Toronto, Canada, is a manufacturer of biochemicals and is a subsidiary of LGC Standards. The ISO 9001-certified company has an extensive catalog of over 350,000 products, including metabolites, impurities, and natural products APIs, which are used in several applications like environmental analysis, forensic science, and medicinal R&D. The company supports the scientific community across more than 120 countries and has 19 production laboratories. In 2019, it was bought by LGC, which provides components to customers in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnostics, and food markets, among others.
Caruso Acoustic, established in 2015, is a manufacturer of acoustic solutions headquartered in Parma, Italy. The company offers various acoustic products and solutions, including acoustic panels, room dividers, ceiling solutions, desk screens, and custom solutions. Its products reduce noise levels, control sound reflections, and create productive and peaceful environments in indoor spaces. Its products also enhance the aesthetics of a space, offering a range of colors, finishes, and styles to integrate seamlessly with different interior design concepts. The company's products find applications in various settings, including offices, meeting rooms, auditoriums, hotels, and other commercial or public spaces.
Aarti Phosphates, established in 1995 and based in Thane, India, is a manufacturer of phosphate chemicals for various industrial applications. The company produces a range of phosphate chemicals formulated for diverse applications, like mono potassium phosphate used for pH determination, Mono sodium phosphate used in laboratory, boiling water treatment and baking powders, and Di-sodium phosphate used for making enamels, ceramics and detergents. The company's infrastructure consists of a quality testing unit that holds stages of inspection to check the products on the parameters of viscosity, thermal conductivity, exposure limits, absorption rate.
Pharmaffiliates, established in 2001 and located in Gurgaon, India, is a manufacturer of pharmaceutical standards and services. The company provides Certified Reference Standards (CRS) used in analytical methods, as well as drug delivery systems like tablets, capsules, injectables, and deuterated compounds that aid in research and development, studying drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Pharmaffiliates also offers various services to the pharmaceutical industry, including custom synthesis, analytical research, stability studies, and formulation development.
Ghanshyam Chemicals was established in 1990, in Gujarat, India as a manufacturer and supplier of chemicals. The company offers compounds such as Sodium Nitrite, Calcium Hypochlorite, Calcium Chloride, and more, as well as oils such as Pine oil, Turkey Red oil, Castor oil, etc along with Activated Carbon in the form of washed, unwashed, granulated and powdered having applications in the water filtration sector, industrial furnace and for removal of undesired color, smell, and other impurities in the sugar industry. These chemicals including others have vast uses in the pharmaceutical, agriculture, paint, and more.
Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. is a Mumbai-based manufacturer and supplier of laboratory and fine chemicals, catering to industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, research, hospitals, and universities since its establishment in 1975. Their product range includes pH indicators, biological stains, HPLC solvents, high purity acids, and tetrazolium salts and derivatives. These products serve various applications like pH testing, cell and tissue staining, chemical separation, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The company has several certifications, such as ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 9001:2015.
Nikunj Chemicals is an Indian manufacturer and exporter of dye intermediates and industrial chemicals that was established in 1997 in Vadodara, Gujarat. The company produces various dye intermediates such as sodium naphthionate, naphthalene sulphonic acid, and benzene sulphonic acid. It also offers plastic pyrolysis catalysts, zeolite chemicals, pharmaceutical chemicals, and silica fume. These are used in a wide range of industrial processes, including construction, plastics manufacturing, and fabrics processing. Nikunj Chemicals also provide quality testing and customized packaging services to its clients, which include Shapoorji Pallonji, Bombay Dyeing, and Dr. Reddy's.
Nippon Chemical Industrial Co. Ltd., started in 1893 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a manufacturer of inorganic and specialty chemicals. In 1950, the company started the production of phosphate fertilizer at the Koriyama factory and the production of insecticides at the Miharu factory. In 1970, it began producing phosphoric acid, and in 1971, it started making chromium compounds. Its portfolio includes chromium compounds, inorganic phosphorus compounds, electronic ceramic materials, pharmaceutical intermediates, and agrochemicals. It also offers custom manufacturing for various industries, including agricultural chemicals, semiconductors, and pharmaceuticals.
Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., founded in 1944 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a reagent manufacturer with overseas affiliates in other countries, including China, France, USA, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Its product portfolio includes analytical reagents, ionic liquids, Iodine compounds, ultra-pure chemicals, and water analysis kits. The company is also developing regenerative medicine and genetics reagents and has over 50,000 products. It has several certifications, including ISO 9001, acquired in 1994, making it the first Japanese company in the reagent industry. Other certifications are ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO/IEC 17025.
Kishida Chemical Co. Ltd., established in 1924 and headquartered in Osaka, Japan, is a manufacturer of reagents and high-purity chemicals and also does drug discovery support activities. Its product portfolio includes fine chemicals, research chemicals, ionic liquid, organic micro-analytical reagents, and chemical reagents for analysis. The products support several industries, including reagent business, battery material, drug discovery, and life science. The company is ISO 14001 certified and supplies several companies worldwide, including Meterion Advanced Chemicals Inc., Acros Organics, ChemBridge Corporation, Decon Laboratories, and InerBioScreen Ltd.
FINAR, founded in, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in 1998 is a manufacturer of Laboratory Chemicals such as Pharmaceutical Excipients and Solvents, and Food Grade Additives. The company's product portfolio includes Dry solvents, AR/ACS reagents, FinSQ Food Grade Additives, Pharmaceutical Excipients, and Aqua Culture Chemicals. Their products are used in industries such as Food and Beverage, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology, Chemical and Petrochemical, Environmental Testing and electronics. The company has a sales network across India and overseas in over 50 countries.
FujiFilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, founded in 1922 and headquartered in Osaka, Japan, is a manufacturer of laboratory chemicals, specialty chemicals, and clinical diagnostic reagents. The company has three business domains, namely laboratory chemicals, specialty chemicals, and clinical diagnostic reagents, and some of its products include biochemistry reagents, blood transfusion test drugs, battery materials, polymer-related materials, and general reagents. The products are useful in various fields, including electronic, cosmetic, polymeric, pharmaceutical, and medical care. It acquired Sibayagi Co. Ltd. in 2015 and provides custom manufacturing to meet customer requirements.
ITW Reagents, S.R.L. is based in Monza and Brianza, Italy, and is a diversified manufacturer of industrial products that was founded in 1980 as Nova Chimica before being acquired in 2010 by Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW), and rebranding in 2022. The company specializes in reagents and solutions used for analytical chemistry as well as life sciences. Its products include sodium hydroxide pellets, glycerol anhydrous for molecular biology, and crystalline lactic acid lithium salts. The company chiefly serves clients in the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology sectors.
Vishnupriya Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., established in 1999 with facilities in India, is a manufacturer and supplier of inorganic and specialty chemicals. The company offers over 300 products that include ammonium acetate, chloride, chromate salts, metal powders, and molecular sieves used in the food, pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and biotech markets. Vishnupriya Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. offers custom production for manufacturers with its ISO 9001:2015-certified facilities. The company also manages sales, distribution, and direct delivery to clients.
Honeywell, founded in 1906, in Wabash, Indiana is manufacturer of automotive parts, building technologies, and performance and safety materials for aerospace, The company's product portfolio includes electronic guidance systems, cockpit instrumentation, lighting, automotive parts, and primary propulsion and secondary power turbine engines. The company serves industries such as Oil and Gas, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Construction, and Power Generation. Their headquartere is located in Carolina and they have global sales offices and distributions channels.
Fengchen Group Co., LTD is based in Qingdao, China. The company is a manufacturer and supplier of speciality chemicals for several industries around the world including natural resources, hydrogeology, drilling, geophysics, and environmental & geotechnical services. The company’s chemical product categories include APIs, amino acids, micronutrients, package materials, and enzymes. The company also offers services including specialized transportation, samples of compounds, shipping documents needed for pharmaceutical products, and international customs support.
Merck, started in 1668 and based in Darmstadt, Germany, is a supplier of solutions and services for research, development, and manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug therapies. The company serves the life science industry and has a broad portfolio of 300,000 products, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial microbiology, reagent, life science research, and water purification products. It is available in 66 countries, brings together six brands, and has several ISO certifications, including ISO 13485, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO 50001.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
Hemadri Chemicals is a manufacturer, supplier, and distributor of industrial chemicals in Mumbai, India where it was established in 2012. Their product list includes Zinc Oxide, and various acids such as Benzoic Acid, Monochloro Acetic Acid, Boric Acid, Citric Acid, and Oxalic Acid along with Mono Sodium Phosphate, Disodium Phosphate, Trisodium Phosphate, and some other rare and common chemicals like Sulphamic Acid, Sodium Acetate, Zinc Sulphate, Borax Decahydrate and Menthol Products. These chemicals, including others, have vast use in the paint, pharmaceutical, and various chemical industries.
Akash Purochem Private Limited (APPL) is a Mumbai, Maharashtra-based manufacturer and exporter of industrial chemicals established in 1986. The company specializes in inorganic substances such as zinc sulfate heptahydrate, phosphates, and ammonium carbonate, as well as optical brightening agents for use in the production of textiles, paints, pharmaceuticals, and home detergents. The company offers various services including the development, testing, and optimization of custom formulations for customers, as well as research and development of specialized products. APPL serves client companies across six continents, with partnered distributors and suppliers allowing for international shipping capabilities.
Oasis Fine Chem, established in 1998 and based in Vadodara, India, is a chemicals manufacturer, supplier, and exporter undertaking customized packaging. Its products include calcium minerals, laboratory reagents, and potassium compounds used by several industries, including healthcare companies, food processing units, and fertilizer plants. The chemicals are available in custom variants with different grades like BT, USP, and AR. The company takes orders from across the globe, and some of its clients include Ion Pharmaceuticals Limited, Canton Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., and Merck Specialty Pvt. Ltd.
Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, established in 1879 and headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany, is a manufacturer, distributor, and supplier of laboratory equipment, life science products, and chemicals. Their extensive product range encompasses analytical instruments, biological safety cabinets, heating mantles, pH meters, centrifuges, thermometers, and various chemicals. Their products support and facilitate laboratory research, analysis, and experimentation across various industries such as pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental sectors. The company is certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2015 and DIN EN ISO 14001:2015.
Vinipul Inorganics Pvt. Ltd., established in 1992 and based in Chembur, India, is an ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and FSSAI certified manufacturer and supplier of inorganic and industrial chemicals. The company's product portfolio includes sodium, ammonium, and potassium compounds, which are used for chemical synthesis, food preservation, and pH control. The company serves agriculture, manufacturing, and food and beverage industries. It also provides quality assurance global export and 24/7 production services to its customers.
Pari Chemicals, founded in 1991 and located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, is a manufacturer, distributor, supplier, and exporter of food-grade chemicals. The company’s product range encompasses dicalcium phosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, and mono potassium phosphate used in processed chemicals, food, and bleaching powder industries. It exports products to Korea, Japan, the USA, and the Middle East. Additionally, the company imports raw materials from Europe, China, the United States, Thailand, and Germany.
Nacalai Tesque Inc., founded in 1846 and headquartered in Kyoto, Japan, is a manufacturer of research chemicals, fine chemicals, diagnostics, and the related instruments. Some of its products include cytokines, nucleic acid electrophoresis, cell dissociation reagents, and sialic acid-related products, and it also offers custom and bulk service for bulk reagents and cell culture media. The company has more than 50 domestic distributors and several worldwide, including Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Europe, and Africa. It is ISO 9001 and ISO 9002 certified, while the Kyoto South brand and Tesque factory are ISO 14001 certified.
DC Fine Chemicals S. L, founded in 2008 and located in Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain is a fine-chemical manufacturer. The company works as a manufacturer, supplier and distributor and caters to the pharmaceutical industries. It specializes in the production of antibiotics, biological buffers and stains, amino acids, carbohydrates and organic intermediates. The company has its own analytical lab and testing facilities, where ittests the quality of every product manufactured. With more than 3,000 products and a team of professional and knowledgeable scientists on board, the company is present in 40-plus countries worldwide.
Founded in 1981, Central Drug House Ltd. serves the scientific community via manufacturing and marketing a library of over 9,000 products to laboratory fine chemicals and dehydrated culture media with emphasis on purity and service. Examples are acids & bases, adsorbents, disinfectants, indicator papers, oils, and solvents. CDH provides bio chemicals, research chemicals, laboratory reagents, various solvents, stains & indicators, and dehydrated culture media. CDH is ISO 9001 certified and CDHs’ products are in compliance with specifications of IP, BP, USP, and EP standards.
Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. was established in 1975 and is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company manufactures highly complex reagents and biochemicals for public and private customers across industries with over 5000 products in different grades and packing sizes across product segments. The company’s 6 product categories are General Laboratory Chemicals & Solvents, Biochemicals & Specialty Fine Chemicals, Animal Cell Culture, Nanotechnology Products, Dehydrated Culture Media & Media Kits, and Biolit™ range of DNA and Protein tools.
Rishi Chemical Works is an Indian- based company that manufactures a comprehensive range of Pharmaceutical Chemicals and Industrial Fine Chemicals for industries all over the world. Their production facility is in Northern India, and their extensive product line includes Monopotassium Phosphate, Trisodium Phosphate, and Monosodium Phosphate, Potassium Acetate, among many more. They have a diverse range of plant and equipment, some of which are semi-automatic, to carry out various unit processes and operations.
Founded in Mumbai, India in 2006, Otto Chemie Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2015 & GMP certified chemical manufacturing company and distributor. Otto Chemie serves customers in many industries including agriculture and food processing, pharmaceuticals, oil & gas, cement, as well as educational and R&D industries. Product offerings include antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins, detergents, ionic liquids, materials science compounds, labware, oil, metal & ceramic science compounds and tools, oils, reagents, solvents.
Glentham Life Sciences is based in Corsham, United Kingdom. Glentham Life Sciences is a leading supplier of fine chemicals, raw materials, reagents, and life science products. Glenthem also offers a number of services including custom packaging, call-off orders, and safety documentation. Glentham’s product offerings include chemicals such as amino acids, antibiotics, APIs, biochemicals, buffers, carbohydrates, chitin, chitosan, detergents, dyes, stains, enzymes, inorganic, peptide reagents, phytochemical, raw materials, solvents, steroids, and vitamins among others.
Fisher Scientific UK Ltd is a supplier of laboratory chemicals, equipment, and services based in Loughborough, United Kingdom, operating as a subsidiary of Thermo Fisher Scientific, a merger of Fisher Scientific International, Inc. and Thermo Electron in 2006. With a portfolio of over 2 million products, Fisher Scientific offers chemicals, reagents, equipment and instruments, consumables, and safety products. These products cater to various sectors, including clinical diagnostic and research laboratories, pharmaceutical and biotech industries, healthcare, and government agencies. Fisher Scientific also provides business solutions like the New-Lab Start-Up program, as well as SureTRACE and SureTRACE+ for product knowledge and supply chain management.
India Fine Chemicals, founded in 1978 and headquartered in Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan, is a distributor and supplier of chemicals, functional materials, food additives, as well as a planner and developer of health foods. The company offers an extensive range of products, including sodium vinylsulfonate 25% water solution, sodium cumene sulfonate, N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, and diethyl sulfate. These chemicals serve various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, cosmetics, dyes, and flavors. The company also offers a range of services, including information about chemicals, a chemical search engine, product analysis, and contract development.
HAZMAT Resource, Inc., located in Irvine, California, USA, is a distributor of hazardous materials response equipment and materials. They specialize in personal protective equipment (PPE), testing devices, and technical reference materials for hazardous materials (hazmat) response. Their product range includes PPE such as suits, gloves, boots, and respirators to safeguard hazmat responders from dangerous substances. They offer various testing devices like meters, detectors, and kits for precise identification and measurement of hazardous materials. Additionally, the company provides technical reference materials like books, manuals, and software, equipping responders with essential knowledge on hazardous material properties and safe handling procedures.
SERVA Serving Scientists, founded in Germany in 1953, is an ISO certified supplier of reagents. The company offers an extensive catalog of reagents, including biochemicals, molecular biology reagents, diagnostic reagents, and more. It also collaborates with clients to develop custom reagent formulations that meet specific research or industrial requirements, enabling tailored solutions. It supplies supply reagents to research institutions and universities for fundamental scientific investigations, advancing knowledge in various fields, and for drug development and manufacturing, supporting the pharmaceutical industry.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aarti Phosphates |
7.1%
|
| 2 | Vishnupriya Chemicals |
7.1%
|
| 3 | Akash Purochem Private Limited |
7.1%
|
| 4 | LobaChemie Pct.Ltd. |
7.1%
|
| 5 | Pari Chemicals |
7.1%
|
| 6 | FINAR |
7.1%
|
| 7 | Pharmaffiliates |
7.1%
|
| 8 | Glentham Life Sciences Limited |
7.1%
|
| 9 | Molekula Americas LLC |
7.1%
|
| 10 | Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG |
7.1%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the sodium dihydrogen phosphate page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
India
|
16 | 47.1% |
|
United States of America
|
5 | 14.7% |
|
Japan
|
5 | 14.7% |
China
|
2 | 5.9% |
|
United Kingdom
|
2 | 5.9% |
|
Canada
|
1 | 2.9% |
|
Italy
|
1 | 2.9% |
|
Germany
|
1 | 2.9% |
Thailand
|
1 | 2.9% |
1 products found
1 products
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■Details Recommended for those who use it infrequently or who always require high reliability. Each bag has a capacity of 20mL and is compact, maki...
