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This section provides an overview for chloroquine as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 4 chloroquine manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked chloroquine companies as of December, 2024: 1.MilliporeSigma, 2.Anant Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., 3.AdvaCare Pharma USA.
Table of Contents
Chloroquine (chemical formula: C18H26ClN3) is an aminoquinoline derivative first developed in the 1940s for the treatment of malaria. It is also known as aralen and acts specifically against Plasmodium falciparum. Its therapeutic effect is achieved by interfering with the Plasmodium falciparum's DNA synthesis.
At room temperature, chloroquine is a white crystalline substance soluble in water. It is odorless and has a bitter taste. Chloroquine is alkaline in environments below pH 8.5 and is basic in environments above pH 8.5.
There are two commercially available chloroquines: chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine, a derivative of chloroquine with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the end of the side chain, is often used because it is more rapidly absorbed through the digestive tract and is less toxic than chloroquine.
Chloroquine is primarily used in the pharmaceutical field as an antimalarial agent. It is developed based on the structure of quinine, another antimalarial drug, and is said to be significantly more effective than quinine.
Chloroquine is particularly effective against strains of Plasmodium falciparum that are resistant to other antimalarial drugs. However, the mechanism of action of chloroquine in autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, and research is ongoing in this area.
Chloroquine is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste and is odorless. It is virtually insoluble in water, but its solubility increases under acidic conditions. It is readily soluble in alcohol and organic solvents like acetone. Chloroquine has a melting point above 250°C and a boiling point of about 455°C. It is basic with a pKa of 8.4.
Chloroquine is relatively unstable to light and is subject to degradation by light and oxidants. It also has drug-drug interactions that require caution during clinical use. For example, antacids that inhibit gastric acid secretion may decrease the absorption rate of chloroquine, and ampicillin may decrease blood levels when combined with chloroquine.
Chloroquine is rapidly absorbed from the intestine, and side effects and symptoms of over-inoculation generally appear within an hour. The risk of death from overdose is estimated to be about 20%, with symptoms including drowsiness, visual changes, seizures, respiratory arrest, ventricular fibrillation, and hypotension. In addition to human use, chloroquine has been widely used for protozoan infections in aquariums and chicken malaria on farms.
Chloroquine is a basic organic compound with the chemical formula C18H26ClN3 and a molecular weight of 319.9 g/mol. The drug was developed through structural optimization based on quinacrine, the original structure of which is quinine.
Chloroquine reacts with acids like hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to form salts. When marketed as a drug, the hydrochloride or phosphate salt is generally used. Since it has no optical isomers, it has a single molecular structure.
The structure of chloroquine can be determined by various analytical techniques, including ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy.
Several industrial methods exist for the production of chloroquine. For instance, the manufacturing process of chloroquine phosphate includes the following steps:
*Including some distributors, etc.
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AdvaCare Pharma USA LLC, founded in 2014, is an American pharmaceutical manufacturer and supplier based in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The company specializes in a wide range of products, including over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, supplements, antimalarial tablets, injections, and oral suspensions. They also offer oncology tablets, injections, and powder for injections, as well as veterinary products and medical devices like injection instruments, diagnostic detection instruments, and skin and wound care products. AdvaCare's products are available under various brands, such as AmoxiCare™ for amoxicillin capsules and AdvaLife™ for supplements.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
Nacalai Tesque Inc., founded in 1846 and headquartered in Kyoto, Japan, is a manufacturer of research chemicals, fine chemicals, diagnostics, and the related instruments. Some of its products include cytokines, nucleic acid electrophoresis, cell dissociation reagents, and sialic acid-related products, and it also offers custom and bulk service for bulk reagents and cell culture media. The company has more than 50 domestic distributors and several worldwide, including Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Europe, and Africa. It is ISO 9001 and ISO 9002 certified, while the Kyoto South brand and Tesque factory are ISO 14001 certified.
Anant Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., established in 2005, is a supplier of pharmaceutical impurity reference samples and custom synthesis and analytical services, based in India. The company delivers novel solutions to research and development teams. Their organic synthesis labs are equipped with modern equipment, designed with energy saving concept. Over the years, they have developed into a one-stop service provider for bespoke chemical synthesis and analytical services for a wide range of industries in India and abroad.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | MilliporeSigma |
40.0%
|
| 2 | Anant Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. |
25.0%
|
| 3 | AdvaCare Pharma USA |
25.0%
|
| 4 | nacalai |
10.0%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the chloroquine page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
United States of America
|
1 | 33.3% |
|
Japan
|
1 | 33.3% |
|
India
|
1 | 33.3% |
