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This section provides an overview for histamines as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 10 histamine manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked histamine companies as of December, 2024: 1.SimSon Pharma Limited, 2.Cayman Chemical Company, 3.GLPBIO Technology LLC.
Table of Contents
Figure 1. Histamine basic information
Histamine is an active amine with a molecular formula of C5H9N3 and a molecular weight of 111.14.
It was discovered by Henry Hallett Dale and Patrick Playfair Laidlaw in 1910 as a hypotensive substance in wheat extract.
Histamine is synthesized in the body in addition to being directly ingested through food. Symptoms of histamine food poisoning are similar to food allergies caused by an abnormal immune response, but the mechanisms differ.
Histamine is used to test gastric juice secretory function and chromophilic cell tumors. As a pharmacological agent, it can cause smooth muscle contraction, rapid hypotension due to dilation of small arteries, inflammation-related redness, edema from increased capillary permeability, and enhanced secretory gland function.
Histamine has a melting point of 181.4-183.2 °F (83-84 °C) and a boiling point of 716.5 °F (380.29 °C). Its hydrochloride and phosphate salts are hygroscopic white crystals, soluble in water and ethanol but not in ether.
The pKa of histamine's imidazole ring nitrogen atom is 6.04, and that of the aliphatic amino group is 9.75. Under physiological conditions, the aliphatic amino group is protonated, while the imidazole ring nitrogen atom is not. Therefore, histamine typically exists as a monovalent cation in human blood, which has a pH of 7.35-7.45.
Figure 2. Structure of histamine
In an aqueous solution, histamine's imidazole ring exists in two tautomeric forms, with one nitrogen atom protonated. The nitrogen atom farther from the side chain is denoted τ, and the one closer is π. Nτ-H-histamine is more stable than Nπ-H-histamine.
Histamine, also known as β-imidazolethylamine, is a monoamine neurotransmitter, a category including adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin.
Figure 3. Histamine synthesis
Histamine can be synthesized by cyclizing 1,4-diamidino-2-butanone with potassium thiocyanide, followed by treatment with iron(III) chloride.
In the body, histamine is produced by enzymatic action on histidine, an amino acid found in food. It is stored primarily in mast cells and released in response to stimuli, leading to allergic reactions. Histamine neurons, located in the hypothalamus-mammillary body, act as neurotransmitters affecting sleep, wakefulness, and feeding.
Histamine poisoning is often caused by bacterial synthesis in foods. It can lead to septic shock symptoms after platelet transfusion and is commonly found in aged cheese, shiitake mushrooms, fermented foods, fish sauce, wine, and fish, especially red and blue varieties.
High histamine concentrations in foods can cause allergy-like symptoms, such as flushing, headache, and hives, usually resolving within a day. Histamines are not destroyed by cooking and are hard to detect by taste or smell. Preventive measures include temperature control and freshness checks during storage. If irritation is felt on the lips or tongue from high-histamine foods, it is advisable to spit it out.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Cayman Chemical Company is a manufacturer of life science research products founded in 1979 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. They offer a diverse array of analytical standards, reagents, and other products for research in cancer, oxidative injury, epigenetics, neuroscience, inflammation, as well as metabolism, and other areas. The company supplies small molecules, biochemicals, assay kits, antibodies, and proteins to research scientists across academic, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical institutions. Cayman Chemical Company holds dual accreditations to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 17034:2016 by ANAB Accreditation Services.
GlpBio Technology, established in 2016 and headquartered in Montclair, California, is a supplier of life science products covering 20 popular research fields, including epigenetics, neuroscience, and cancer. Its product portfolio has over 20,000 life science reagents, including biochemicals, tag peptides, bioactive peptides, amino acids, and nature products. Its main clients include clinical diagnostic laboratories, government agencies, research institutes, universities, and pharmaceutical companies. The company regularly increases its products to meet the latest research needs and provides custom organic synthesis and analytical services.
Apollo Scientific Ltd, a subsidiary of Japan’s Central Glass Europe Limited, is a research chemicals manufacturer and supplier founded in 1993 and headquartered in Bredbury, United Kingdom. Performing chemical syntheses in their Manchester-based laboratories, Apollo Scientific offers a selection of over 100,000 chemical products, from fluorinated compounds to non-fluorinated building blocks, for research and industry applications. Their life science products include antibiotics and buffers, as well as customized products for stem cell, molecular biology, and proteomics research. Additionally, Apollo Scientific offers spectroscopy products, such as consumables for infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry standards.
Pharmaffiliates, established in 2001 and located in Gurgaon, India, is a manufacturer of pharmaceutical standards and services. The company provides Certified Reference Standards (CRS) used in analytical methods, as well as drug delivery systems like tablets, capsules, injectables, and deuterated compounds that aid in research and development, studying drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Pharmaffiliates also offers various services to the pharmaceutical industry, including custom synthesis, analytical research, stability studies, and formulation development.
Biosynth is a Swiss manufacturer of life science reagents established in 1966 and headquartered in Staad. The company sources and manufactures biochemical products such as carbohydrates, nucleosides, and enzyme substrates, as well as various peptides and biologics. They also operate as a contract manufacturer offering custom synthesis and manufacturing services for their clients in the pharmaceutical, diagnostic, food, and agrochemical sectors. Biosynth has regional sales offices and specialized facilities in Europe and North America, including in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States.
Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. is a Mumbai-based manufacturer and supplier of laboratory and fine chemicals, catering to industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, research, hospitals, and universities since its establishment in 1975. Their product range includes pH indicators, biological stains, HPLC solvents, high purity acids, and tetrazolium salts and derivatives. These products serve various applications like pH testing, cell and tissue staining, chemical separation, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The company has several certifications, such as ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 9001:2015.
SimSon Pharma Limited, established in 2011 and headquartered in Mumbai, India, is a manufacturer and supplier of pharmaceutical reference materials. Their product range includes drug working standards, drug impurity standards, drug metabolites, and stable isotope labeled compounds. These provide a basis for comparison and validation, enabling pharmaceutical companies to produce safe and effective medications. The company's offerings serve specific purposes, such as calibrating analytical instruments and ensuring precise analytical results, identifying and quantifying impurities in drugs, understanding drug metabolism, and developing new drug therapies.
Merck, started in 1668 and based in Darmstadt, Germany, is a supplier of solutions and services for research, development, and manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug therapies. The company serves the life science industry and has a broad portfolio of 300,000 products, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial microbiology, reagent, life science research, and water purification products. It is available in 66 countries, brings together six brands, and has several ISO certifications, including ISO 13485, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO 50001.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
APExBIO Technology LLC is a distributor and supplier of molecular biology tools based in Houston, Texas, United States. The company's product portofolio includes various products such as small molecule inhibitors, compound libraries, fluorescent labels, modified nucleotides, and assay kits. The products are used in various areas such as cancer, immunology, neurosciences, apoptosis, and epigenetics researches. The company offers various supporting services such as analytical services, custom organic synthesis, custom peptide synthesis, and bioinformatics services.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | SimSon Pharma Limited |
16.7%
|
| 2 | Cayman Chemical Company |
16.7%
|
| 3 | GLPBIO Technology LLC |
16.7%
|
| 4 | LobaChemie Pct.Ltd. |
11.1%
|
| 5 | Pharmaffiliates |
11.1%
|
| 6 | MilliporeSigma |
11.1%
|
| 7 | Merck |
11.1%
|
| 8 | Apollo Scientific Ltd |
5.6%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the histamine page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
India
|
3 | 42.9% |
|
United States of America
|
2 | 28.6% |
|
United Kingdom
|
1 | 14.3% |
|
Switzerland
|
1 | 14.3% |
