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This section provides an overview for silenes as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 4 silene manufacturers and their company rankings.
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Silene is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a ketonic odor at room temperature. Its chemical formula is C6H8O3, molecular weight is 128.13, and its CAS number is 53716-82-8. Other names for silene include (1R)-7,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one (IUPAC name) and dihydrolevoglucosenone
They are bio-based bipolar solvents, safe for final disposal, and decompose to CO2 and H2O. It is a non-protic solvent that can be used as an alternative to conventional solvents, which are feared for their environmental impact.
Silene is used as a renewable building block for the production of valuable chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and specialty polymers. It can also be used in chiral pool synthesis because it is produced as a single mirror-image isomer. For example, oxidation with a peroxyacetic acid such as peroxyacetic acid yields the optically pure 5-hydroxymethyldihydrofuranone from which the HIV drug zalcitabine is available.
Silene is considered a green alternative to dimethylformamide (DMF), one of the most common organic solvents. Several standard reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, such as the production of urea, have been shown to be possible in silene solvents.
It is also useful for dispersing graphene solutions, as it has optimum polarity and high viscosity, yielding larger, less defective graphene flakes.
Silene has a melting point of -18°C, a boiling point of 227°C, a density of 1.25 g/cm3, and is miscible with water and many organic solvents. The kinematic viscosity of silene is 14.5 cP, which is higher than the 0.92 cP of dimethylformamide and the 1.67 cP of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Silene is stable at temperatures up to 195°C and to weak acids and bases.
Silene can be synthesized by heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation of the unsaturated ketone levoglucosenone (LGO) under mild conditions. Levoglucosenone is a building block obtained by acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass such as sawdust and is known as one of the sustainable materials that can be produced from renewable resources.
(C6H10O5)n → nC6H10O5 (Levoglucosan)
C6H10O5 → C6H6O3 (LGO) + 2H2O
Precautions for handling and storage are as follows
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., founded in 1982 and based in Toronto, Canada, is a manufacturer of biochemicals and is a subsidiary of LGC Standards. The ISO 9001-certified company has an extensive catalog of over 350,000 products, including metabolites, impurities, and natural products APIs, which are used in several applications like environmental analysis, forensic science, and medicinal R&D. The company supports the scientific community across more than 120 countries and has 19 production laboratories. In 2019, it was bought by LGC, which provides components to customers in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnostics, and food markets, among others.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
BOC Sciences is headquartered in Shirley, New York as a brand of BOCSCI Inc. The company is a developer, manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of premium chemicals, emphasizing small molecule synthesis, biosynthesis, purification, and characterization used in academia, pharmaceuticals, biotech, CDMO, material sciences, and agriculture industries, supporting research and production. The company’s products include thousands of inhibitors, nucleotides, metabolites, and isotope-labeled products. The company offers custom synthesis and manufacturing, analytical services, antibody-drug conjugate development, and strain engineering and fermentation services.
Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
United States of America
|
1 | 50.0% |
|
Canada
|
1 | 50.0% |
