All Categories
This section provides an overview for guanine as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 9 guanine manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked guanine companies as of December, 2024: 1.FabriChem, 2.Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., 3.ROCKLAND IMMUNOCHEMICALS, INC..
Table of Contents
Guanine is a white powder heterocyclic compound. Its IUPAC name is 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one, and it is also known as 2-aminohypoxanthine or 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine.
Its chemical formula is C5H5N5O, molecular weight is 151.13, and its CAS number is 73-40-5.
Guanine was discovered in 1844 in bird excrement. The name comes from the Spanish word guano, meaning bird or bat droppings.
It is also a major component of the silvery-white parts of fish such as salmonids, hake, and Pacific saury.
Guanine is one of the major bases that make up nucleic acids, forming base pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds in the double helix structure of DNA.
The carbonyl group oxygen at position 6 of Guanine acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor, while the hydrogen bond to the nitrogen atom at position 1 and the hydrogen on the primary amine at position 2 act as hydrogen bond donors.
Guanine quadruplex (G4), which is a higher-order structure of guanine in DNA, has been attracting attention since around 2015, and compounds that stabilize Guanine quadruplex (G4 ligands) have been suggested to inhibit cancer, and research is being conducted to explore their application in anticancer drugs and other drugs.
Crystalline Guanine has been used as an additive in various products such as shampoos, eye shadows, and nail polishes because it reflects light in rainbow colors like pearls when applied.
It is also used in metallic paints and imitation pearls. Guanine crystals are rhombic plate-like crystals composed of multiple transparent layers. Because of its high refractive index, each layer partially reflects and transmits light, producing a pearly luster.
Guanine decomposes at 360 °C and is solid at room temperature. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents, but is well soluble in dilute acids.
The acid dissociation constant (pKa) is 3.3 for the amide moiety, 9.2 for the secondary amine moiety, and 12.3 for the primary amine moiety.
The acid dissociation constant is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid; the smaller the pKa, the stronger the acid.
Guanine and uracil are obtained by the Fischer-Tropsch method by heating an equimolar mixture of CO, H2, and NH3 at 700°C for 15 to 24 minutes, followed by quenching and heating again at 100 to 200°C for 16 to 44 hours under alumina catalyst.
It can also be obtained by heating the amine-substituted pyrimidine 2,4,5-triamino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxypyrimidine in formic acid for several hours, according to Traube's purine synthesis.
Handling
Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents. It is important to use the product in a draft chamber with local exhaust ventilation. Wear personal protective equipment when using.
In case of fire
Guanine is nonflammable and will itself not burn. However, thermal decomposition may produce irritating gases and vapors such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Water spray, foam, powder fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide, dry sand, etc. should be used to extinguish the fire.
If adhered to skin
Care should be taken to prevent adhesion to skin. Always wear protective clothing such as a white coat or work clothes and protective gloves when using the product. It is important to never roll up the sleeves of protective clothing to avoid skin exposure.
In the unlikely event of skin contact, wash off with soap and copious amounts of water. If on clothing, remove all contaminated clothing and isolate. If symptoms persist, it is safer to seek medical attention.
In case of eye contact
Strongly irritating to eyes. Always wear protective eyewear or goggles when using this product as it can cause serious injury.
In the unlikely event of eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. If wearing contacts, remove them if they can be easily removed and rinse thoroughly. Immediate medical attention is required.
Storage
Store in a tightly closed, light-shielded glass container. It is important to store in a cool, well-ventilated place, away from direct sunlight.
*Including some distributors, etc.
Sort by Features
Sort by Area
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., established in 1991 and headquartered in Dallas, Texas, is an American manufacturer and supplier specializing in biological products for medical research. Initially providing antibodies to the research community, they expanded their offerings to include gene silencers like siRNA and shRNA (plasmid and lentiviral), targeting all known mouse and human genes. Over time, Santa Cruz Biotechnology provides over 175,000 research biochemicals under the brand ChemCruz, including protein-interacting inhibitors, substrates, and activators, tailored for studying protein functions. The company offers monoclonal primary antibodies, designed for various mammalian and non-mammalian protein targets, along with corresponding binding secondary antibodies.
FabriChem, founded in Milford, Connecticut, in 1993 is a supplier of chemical ingredients for raw material sourcing and custom contract manufacturing. The company's product portfolio includes Specialty & Fine Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Biochemicals, Diagnostics & Buffers and Cosmetic & Oral Care Ingredients. The company serves markets such as research centers, testing and diagnostic labs, healthcare and educational institutions. They also provide services such as Product Selection Guidance, quality control and Custom Manufacturing.
Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., founded in 1944 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a reagent manufacturer with overseas affiliates in other countries, including China, France, USA, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Its product portfolio includes analytical reagents, ionic liquids, Iodine compounds, ultra-pure chemicals, and water analysis kits. The company is also developing regenerative medicine and genetics reagents and has over 50,000 products. It has several certifications, including ISO 9001, acquired in 1994, making it the first Japanese company in the reagent industry. Other certifications are ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO/IEC 17025.
Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd., established in 1948 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a manufacturer of chemical reagents and chemical products, including commissioned synthesis of chemical products. Some of the products it makes include Sodium chloride solution, concentrated glycerin, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, and nitric acid. The chemical products have a wide range of applications and can be used in pathological examination, as food additives, for analysis, and in the pharmaceutical industry. All its plants, including its research institute, are ISO4001 and ISO9001 certified, while its Saitama and Ibaraki plants are equipped with buildings that comply with GMP.
Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., founded in 1982 and based in Toronto, Canada, is a manufacturer of biochemicals and is a subsidiary of LGC Standards. The ISO 9001-certified company has an extensive catalog of over 350,000 products, including metabolites, impurities, and natural products APIs, which are used in several applications like environmental analysis, forensic science, and medicinal R&D. The company supports the scientific community across more than 120 countries and has 19 production laboratories. In 2019, it was bought by LGC, which provides components to customers in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnostics, and food markets, among others.
Merck, started in 1668 and based in Darmstadt, Germany, is a supplier of solutions and services for research, development, and manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug therapies. The company serves the life science industry and has a broad portfolio of 300,000 products, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, industrial microbiology, reagent, life science research, and water purification products. It is available in 66 countries, brings together six brands, and has several ISO certifications, including ISO 13485, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO 50001.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
Rockland Immunochemicals Inc. is a manufacturer of antibodies and research reagents in Pennsylvania, USA, established in 1962. The company offers a diverse array of antibodies and reagents tailored to meet the unique needs of researchers across various fields. Its product line includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits, and western blotting reagents. The company's antibodies cover various applications, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, and protein detection. The company caters to professionals, researchers, and institutions across multiple fields and industries.
BioCrick Co., Ltd is located in Chengdu Tianfu Life Science Park in Sichuan Province, China. The company creates a natural product library which provides small molecular compounds with potential biological and pharmacological activities for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnology companies worldwide. The company’s database includes more than 8,000 compounds collected from natural sources such as as medicinal plants, herbs, fungus, and microbes. The company also a provider of peptides and lab reagents for biological research, carrying a product line in apoptosis, epigenetic, and cancer biology.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | FabriChem |
16.7%
|
| 2 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. |
16.7%
|
| 3 | ROCKLAND IMMUNOCHEMICALS, INC. |
12.5%
|
| 4 | Toronto Research Chemicals |
12.5%
|
| 5 | MilliporeSigma |
12.5%
|
| 6 | Junsei Chemical Co.,Ltd. |
8.3%
|
| 7 | KANTO CHEMICAL CO.,INC. |
8.3%
|
| 8 | Merck |
8.3%
|
| 9 | BioCrick |
4.2%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the guanine page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
United States of America
|
2 | 40.0% |
|
Japan
|
2 | 40.0% |
|
Canada
|
1 | 20.0% |
