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This section provides an overview for indole as well as their applications and principles. Also, please take a look at the list of 11 indole manufacturers and their company rankings. Here are the top-ranked indole companies as of December, 2024: 1.Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 2.Key Scientific Products, 3.Cell Biolabs, Inc..
Table of Contents
Indole is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula C8H7N.
The CAS No. of indole is 120-72-9. It has a molecular weight of 117.15, a melting point of 52-54°C, and a boiling point of 253-254°C. It has a strong pungent odor. It has a density of 1.22 g/cm3, an acid dissociation constant pKa of 16.2, and a base dissociation constant pKb of 17.6.
It is a substance produced as a breakdown product when bacteria break down tryptophan, a type of amino acid. It is also found in jasmine oil, coal tar, putrefactive proteins, and mammalian excrement.
The odor of indole are described as similar to that of feces, but in very low concentrations, the substance has a floral aroma. Natural jasmine oil is estimated to contain approximately 2.5% indole, but due to the high cost of natural oils, indole are also used in the production of synthetic jasmine oil.
The indole structure (indole ring) is also found in a variety of organic compounds, especially biological substances.
Some indole derivatives were used as components of important dyes until the end of the 19th century. The name indole are derived from "indigo," a plant-derived dye substance. Chemically, indole are used to detect nitrite ions and as a raw material for organic synthesis (dyes, alkaloids, etc.), among other uses.
Indole is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused with a pyrrole ring. Like pyrrole, indole are not base, since the lone electron pair of the nitrogen atom is responsible for the formation of the aromatic ring.
However, indole can be protonated by using a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid. In this case, the protonation occurs at the C3 position instead of the N1 position because it shows the same reactivity as enamine. group. Examples of indole chemistry include electrophilic substitution at the C-3 position, lithiation at the C-2 position, oxidation, and cycloaddition.
Indole rings are found in a variety of organic compounds. Typical examples include tryptophan and indole alkaloids.
Indole are susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions at the 3-position, so 3-substituted derivatives are common. Typical examples are the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin, and alkaloids with hallucinogenic effects (eg, wheat alkaloids). Indole structures can also be seen in auxins (a type of plant hormone) such as indolyl-3-acetic acid and IAA, and in pharmaceuticals such as indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and pindolol (a beta blocker).
Indole are major component of coal tar and can be obtained from distillation fractions at temperatures ranging from 220°C to 260°C. Although indoles and their derivatives can be synthesized in a variety of ways, but the main industrial synthetic route uses aniline and ethylene glycol as starting materials. The synthesis is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures between 200°C and 500°C. The reaction proceeds by gas phase reaction. Typical yields are around 60%.
Various other synthetic methods for the synthesis of indole and its derivatives has been reported, but the most famous synthetic methods include Fischer's indole synthesis and Fukuyama's indole synthesis.
Indole currently available in the market are mainly a reagent product for developmental research. The product is sold in capacities that are easy to handle in the laboratory, such as 1 g, 10 g, 25 g, 100 g, and 500 g. Depending on the manufacturer, indole may be stored at room temperature or handled as refrigerated storage.
*Including some distributors, etc.
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Cell Biolabs, Inc. was established in 2004 and is headquartered in San Diego, California, United States, and is a manufacturer of instruments and tools for life science research applications. The company's product folio includes Cell-Based Assays, Viral Expression and Purification Kits, Reagents, Oxidative Stress Assays, and, Metabolism Research Assays and Reagents for research laboratories of universities, government institutes, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The company specializes in Cell Signaling and Protein Biology as well as provides products that facilitate the discovery of the mechanisms underlying cell function and disease.
Abcam Plc is a British producer and supplier of life science research materials that was established in 1998. Based in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, the company offers various cell and tissue products including stem cells and growth factors, proteins such as lysates and peptides, and primary as well as secondary antibodies (e.g. flow cytometry). It also provides various kits for measuring different aspects of living organisms, such as metabolism, immunology, and biomarkers. Abcam Plc serves clients in a wide range of biomedical operations, including pharmaceutical production, vaccine development, and institutional academic research.
Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., founded in 1944 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a reagent manufacturer with overseas affiliates in other countries, including China, France, USA, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Its product portfolio includes analytical reagents, ionic liquids, Iodine compounds, ultra-pure chemicals, and water analysis kits. The company is also developing regenerative medicine and genetics reagents and has over 50,000 products. It has several certifications, including ISO 9001, acquired in 1994, making it the first Japanese company in the reagent industry. Other certifications are ISO 14001, ISO 13485, and ISO/IEC 17025.
TCI America (TCI) was founded in 1946 and is a worldwide manufacturer of specialty organic chemicals. The company produces organic laboratory chemicals as well as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional materials. TCI’s product segments include Chemistry, Life Science, Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry, and Custom & Bulk. For materials science, the company manufactures battery materials, nanocarbon materials, and magnetic materials. For life sciences, the company produces antibodies, reagents, and chemicals for cancer research. The company produces HLC, NMR, various chemicals, and resins and media for analytical chemistry.
Millipore Sigma, formerly known as Sigma-Aldrich, was created in 175 through the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical company and today is a subsidiary of Merck. Millipore Sigma is a life science and biotechnology company serving the industry with several products and services. Some of their product categories include peptide synthesis materials, biochemicals, building blocks, catalysts, chemical biology, chemical synthesis, flavors & fragrances, formulation, lab chemicals, lab safety, APIs, and stable isotopes. Services include characterization, contract manufacturing, custom products, software, support, testing, and mRNA development & manufacturing.
Merck Millipore, founded in 1954 and headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany, is a manufacturer, distributor, and supplier of life science products and services. Their diverse range of products finds applications in research, development, and manufacturing of biotechnological and pharmaceutical drug therapies. Some of their offerings include filters for removing contaminants from liquids and gases, chromatography columns for separating and analyzing complex mixtures, reagents used in various laboratory assays, antibodies for detecting and quantifying specific molecules, and cell culture media for growing and maintaining cells in culture. Their products and services are utilized significantly in the advancement of life sciences and drug development.
FlavorActiV specializes in sensory training and tools for the beverage sector. Founded in 1996, the company operates from its headquaters in Watlington, Oxfordshire, UK. FlavorActiV offers comprehensive sensory solutions including sensory kits, flavor standards, and training programs. These tools aid professionals in industries like brewing, distilling, and soft drinks to refine tasting abilities. The company's services extend to sensory panel management, quality control, and flavor profiling, enhancing the overall sensory experience of beverages.
SynThink Research Chemicals, based in Pune, India, is a supplier of pharmaceutical research products to pharmaceutical and biotech companies as well as R&D labs at various research institutes and organizations. The company provides pharmaceutical reference standards, API impurities, metabolites, intermediates, building blocks and other research chemicals. It also provides custom synthesis services and contract research and development (CRO) services in the area of organic, pharmaceutical, and medicinal chemistry. The company offers custom packaging and worldwide shipping of in-stock products within 24 hours.
Ranking as of December 2024
Derivation Method| Rank | Company | Click Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. |
19.4%
|
| 2 | Key Scientific Products |
13.9%
|
| 3 | Cell Biolabs, Inc. |
9.7%
|
| 4 | SynThink Research Chemicals |
8.3%
|
| 5 | FlavorActiV |
8.3%
|
| 6 | MilliporeSigma |
8.3%
|
| 7 | KANTO CHEMICAL CO.,INC. |
8.3%
|
| 8 | Abcam plc |
6.9%
|
| 9 | Merck Millipore |
6.9%
|
| 10 | The United States Pharmacopeial Convention |
5.6%
|
Derivation Method
The ranking is calculated based on the click share within the indole page as of December 2024. Click share is defined as the total number of clicks for all companies during the period divided by the number of clicks for each company.Number of Employees
Newly Established Company
Company with a History
*Including some distributors, etc.
*Including some distributors, etc.
| Country | Number of Companies | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
United States of America
|
4 | 57.1% |
|
Japan
|
2 | 28.6% |
|
India
|
1 | 14.3% |
